HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

STP 21-1-SMCT HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks Skill Level 1 AUGUST 2003 DISTRIBUTIONRESTRICTION:Approvedforpublicrelease; distributionisunlimited. This publication is available at Army Knowledge OnLine (www.us.army.mil) and the General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.adtdl.army.mil) *STP 21-1-SMCT Soldier Training Publication Headquarters No. 21-1-SMCT Department of the Army Washington, DC, 31 August 2003 SOLDIER'S MANUAL OF COMMON TASKS Skill Level 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE ................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1. Introduction........................................................................ 1-1 Chapter 2. Training Guide.................................................................... 2-1 Chapter 3. Skill Level 1 Tasks ............................................................. 3-1 Skill Level 1 Subject Area 1: Individual Conduct and Laws of War 181-101-1013 Comply with the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)....................................................................... 3-1 181-105-1001 Comply with the Law of War and the Geneva and Hague Conventions ................................................. 3-16 224-176-1425 331-202-1049 Interact with News Media......................................... 3-38 Comply with the Requirements of the Code of Conduct ................................................................... 3-39 805C-PAD-1245 Support Unit and Family Readiness Through the Army Family Team Building (AFTB) Program.......... 3-43 805C-PAD-1391 Comply With the Army's Equal Opportunity and Sexual Harassment Policies .................................... 3-49 Subject Area 2: First Aid 081-831-1000 Evaluate a Casualty ................................................. 3-52 081-831-1003 Perform First Aid to Clear an Object Stuck in the Throat of a Conscious Casualty............................... 3-57 081-831-1005 081-831-1007 081-831-1008 Perform First Aid to Prevent or Control Shock ......... 3-59 Perform First Aid for Burns....................................... 3-61 Perform First Aid for Heat Injuries............................ 3-64 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This manual supersedes STP 21-1-SMCT, 1 October 1994. i 081-831-1025 Perform First Aid for an Open Abdominal Wound .... 3-67 081-831-1026 Perform First Aid for an Open Chest Wound............ 3-69 081-831-1032 Perform First Aid for Bleeding of an Extremity ......... 3-72 081-831-1033 Perform First Aid for an Open Head Wound ............ 3-75 081-831-1034 Perform First Aid for a Suspected Fracture.............. 3-79 081-831-1042 Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation.................... 3-83 081-831-1044 Perform First Aid for Nerve Agent Injury .................. 3-87 081-831-1045 Perform First Aid for Cold Injuries ............................ 3-97 081-831-1046 Transport a Casualty.............................................. 3-102 081-831-1053 Practice Individual Preventive Medicine Countermeasures................................................... 3-110 Subject Area 3: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) 031-503-1013 Decontaminate Yourself and Individual Equipment Using Chemical Decontaminating Kits ................... 3-121 031-503-1015 Protect Yourself from NBC Injury/Contamination with Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Gear ....................................................................... 3-124 031-503-1017 Respond to Depleted Uranium............................... 3-128 031-503-1018 React to Nuclear Hazard/Attack............................. 3-130 031-503-1019 React to Chemical or Biological Hazard/Attack...... 3-132 031-503-1035 Protect Yourself from Chemical/Biological Contamination Using Your Assigned Protective Mask ...................................................................... 3-135 031-503-1036 031-503-1037 Maintain Your Assigned Protective Mask............... 3-141 Detect Chemical Agents Using M8 or M9 Detector Paper ..................................................................... 3-143 Subject Area 4: Survive [Combat Techniques] 052-192-1042 Perform Self-Extraction from a Mined Area............ 3-146 052-192-1242 Locate Mine and Booby Trap Indicators by Visual Means .................................................................... 3-162 071-326-0502 071-326-0503 Move Under Direct Fire .......................................... 3-167 Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except Minefields)................................................. 3-176 071-326-0510 React to Indirect Fire While Dismounted................ 3-179 071-326-0511 React to Flares....................................................... 3-180 071-326-0513 Select Temporary Fighting Positions...................... 3-182 071-326-3002 React to Indirect Fire While Mounted..................... 3-184 071-326-5703 Construct Individual Fighting Positions .................. 3-185 071-331-0815 Practice Noise, Light, and Litter Discipline ............. 3-195 071-331-1004 Perform Duty as a Guard ....................................... 3-197 071-410-0002 React to Direct Fire While Mounted ....................... 3-199 071-710-0006 Plan Use of Night Vision Devices........................... 3-200 093-401-5040 React to Unexploded Ordnance Hazards............... 3-202 551-88M-0005 Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy............................... 3-218 ii Subject Area 5: Navigate 071-329-1006 Navigate from One Point on the Ground to Another Point While Dismounted ........................... 3-224 071-329-1030 Navigate from One Point on the Ground to Another Point While Mounted ................................ 3-234 Subject Area 6: Communicate 113-571-1022 Perform Voice Communications............................. 3-241 113-600-2001 Communicate Via a Tactical Telephone ................ 3-247 113-637-2001 Communicate Via a Tactical Radio in a Secure Net ......................................................................... 3-249 Subject Area 7: See 071-331-0804 071-730-0014 Perform Surveillance without the Aid of Electronic Devices .................................................................. 3-250 Identify Combat Vehicles ....................................... 3-254 Subject Area 8: Hand Grenades and Land Mines 071-325-4401 Perform Safety Checks on Hand Grenades........... 3-256 071-325-4407 Employ Hand Grenades......................................... 3-260 071-325-4425 Employ an M18A1 Claymore Mine......................... 3-262 Subject Area 9: M16-Series Rifle 071-008-0007 Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle Using an AN/PAS-13 Series Thermal Weapon Sight ....... 3-275 071-311-2025 071-311-2027 071-311-2028 071-315-2308 Maintain an M16-Series Rifle................................. 3-277 Load an M16-Series Rifle ...................................... 3-303 Unload an M16-Series Rifle ................................... 3-311 Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle Using a Night Vision Sight AN/PVS-4 ................................. 3-313 Subject Area 10: M240B Machine Gun 071-000-0005 Prepare a Range Card for a Machine Gun ............ 3-317 071-025-0001 Maintain an M240B Machine Gun.......................... 3-326 071-025-0003 Load an M240B Machine Gun ............................... 3-334 071-025-0004 Unload an M240B Machine Gun ............................ 3-336 071-025-0007 Engage Targets with an M240B Machine Gun....... 3-337 Subject Area 11: M249 Machine Gun 071-010-0006 Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun......... 3-341 071-312-4025 Maintain an M249 Machine Gun ............................ 3-351 071-312-4027 Load an M249 Machine Gun.................................. 3-375 071-312-4028 Unload an M249 Machine Gun .............................. 3-379 Subject Area 12: M60 Machine Gun 071-312-3025 Maintain an M60 Machine Gun .............................. 3-381 071-312-3027 Load an M60 Machine Gun.................................... 3-397 iii 071-312-3028 071-312-3031 Unload an M60 Machine Gun ................................ 3-399 Engage Targets with an M60 Machine Gun ........... 3-401 Subject Area 13: MK19 Machine Gun 071-030-0001 Maintain an MK19 Machine Gun............................ 3-407 071-030-0004 Engage Targets with an MK19 Machine Gun......... 3-431 071-030-0005 Load an MK19 Machine Gun ................................. 3-440 071-030-0006 Unload an MK19 Machine Gun .............................. 3-445 071-030-0007 Perform a Function Check on an MK19 Machine Gun ........................................................................ 3-449 Subject Area 14: Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun 071-022-0001 Maintain a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun ................ 3-451 071-022-0003 Load a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun...................... 3-487 071-022-0004 Unload a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun .................. 3-488 071-313-3454 Engage Targets with a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun ........................................................................ 3-490 Subject Area 15: M136 Launcher 071-054-0001 Prepare an M136 Launcher for Firing .................... 3-501 071-054-0002 Restore an M136 Launcher to Carrying Configuration.......................................................... 3-507 Subject Area 16: M203 Grenade Launcher 071-311-2125 Maintain an M203 Grenade Launcher.................... 3-509 071-311-2127 Load an M203 Grenade Launcher ......................... 3-516 071-311-2128 Unload an M203 Grenade Launcher...................... 3-518 071-311-2129 Correct Malfunctions of an M203 Grenade Launcher ................................................................ 3-519 071-311-2130 Engage Targets with an M203 Grenade Launcher. 3-521 Subject Area 17: M4 Carbine 071-100-0003 Engage Targets with an M4 or M4A1 Carbine ....... 3-528 071-100-0004 Maintain an M4 or M4A1 Carbine........................... 3-530 Subject Area 18: 9mm Pistol 071-004-0001 Maintain an M9 Pistol............................................. 3-538 071-004-0003 Load an M9 Pistol .................................................. 3-546 071-004-0004 Unload an M9 Pistol............................................... 3-547 071-004-0006 Engage Targets with an M9 Pistol.......................... 3-548 Subject Area 19: Crowd Control 191-376-4121 Use a Riot Baton.................................................... 3-558 191-376-4122 Position Yourself in Riot Control Formations.......... 3-568 Subject Area 20: Casualty Reporting and Handling 101-515-1997 Inter Isolated Remains (After Receiving Authorization)......................................................... 3-576 iv 101-515-1998 Evacuate Isolated Remains ................................... 3-577 101-515-1999 Recover Isolated Remains..................................... 3-579 Subject Area 21: Defense Measures 052-191-1361 Camouflage Yourself and Your Individual Equipment.............................................................. 3-582 052-191-1362 Camouflage Equipment ......................................... 3-588 191-376-4114 Control Entry to and Exit from a Restricted Area ... 3-591 301-371-1000 Report Intelligence Information .............................. 3-593 301-371-1050 Implement Operations Security (OPSEC) Measures ............................................................... 3-595 Appendix A Proponent or Agency Codes...................................A-1 Appendix B Guide to Forms ........................................................B-1 Appendix C Land Navigation Supporting Tasks........................C-1 Glossary....................................................................................Glossary-1 References............................................................................References-1 v PREFACE This manual is one of a series of soldier training publications that support individual training. Commanders, trainers, and soldiers will use this manual and STP 21-24-SMCT, Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks, Skill Levels 2, 3, and 4, to plan, conduct, sustain, and evaluate individual training of common tasks in units. This manual contains a common task training plan for skill levels (SL) 1 through 4 and task summaries for SL 1 critical common tasks that support unit wartime missions. This manual is the only authorized source for these common tasks. Task summaries in this manual supersede any common tasks appearing in MOS-specific soldier's manuals. Training support information, such as reference materials, is also included. Trainers and first-line supervisors should ensure SL 1 soldiers have access to this publication in their work areas, unit learning centers, and unit libraries. This manual applies to both active and reserve component soldiers. Unless this manual states otherwise, masculine pronouns do not refer exclusively to men. The proponent of this publication is the Commander, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC), with the Commander, United States Army Training Support Center (ATSC) designated as the principle publishing, printing and distribution agency. Proponents for the specific tasks are the Army schools and agencies as identified by the school code, listed at appendix A. This code consists of the first three digits of the task identification number. All comments, suggestions, and recommended changes to this publication should be submitted as follows: Record any comments or questions regarding the task summaries contained in this manual on a DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and send it to the respective task proponent with information copies forwarded to: Commander, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, ATTN: ATTG-I, Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000, and Commander, U.S. Army Training Support Center, ATTN: ATIC-ITSC-CM, Fort Eustis, VA 23604-5166. vi SPECIAL NOTES CONCERNING THE AUGUST 2003 SMCT 5” X 7” Format. Beginning with the August 2003 revisions, both the STP 21-1-SMCT and STP 21-24-SMCT are printed in 5”x7” format, following the very favorable acceptance of previous skill level 1 SMCTs which inaugurated the “pocket-size” manuals. This, however, has precluded incorporating full- size reproducible forms at the end of the books. Instead, a Guide to Forms (Appendix B) is now provided which, in the online versions of the new manuals, contains electronic links to the downloadable, reproducible forms. Where online access is not available, the soldier’s unit often has hard copies of the forms, or can obtain them. Land navigation skills and knowledge, for common tasks 071-329-1006, Navigate from One Point on the Ground to Another Point While Dismounted, and 071-329-1030, Navigate from One Point on the Ground to Another Point While Mounted are grouped in Appendix C, identified by the grey-edged pages near the end of this manual. Task 052-192-1135, Locate Mines by Probing. Performance standards for this task are now incorporated into task 052-192-1042, Perform Self- Extraction from a Mined Area. These standards are further updated from the 18 March 03 revision of Locate Mines by Probing. Task 071-730-0014, Identify Combat Vehicles. This task, uniquely, incorporates a Windows-based online option (ROC-V, Recognition of Combat Vehicles) for training and testing soldiers. In addition to teaching thermal and visual identification cues of vehicles and practical use of thermal sensor image controls, the program ensures identification standards are current, irrespective of print date of this manual. Refer to the Evaluation Preparation section of this task for instructions on accessing the ROC-V program. vii SPECIAL NOTE FROM THE STAFF CONCERNING THE REVISED SMCT Experienced trainers will notice that, in addition to the numerous new tasks in the revised SMCT, there are many tasks for which the skill level has been lowered from that in the past. This reflects results from the recent survey of approximately 19,000 enlisted soldiers, their commanders, and senior leaders, to determine who was actually performing certain tasks, and the amount of learning that was actually filtering down in the “one room schoolhouse” of the working Army. When it was established that a significant percentage of soldiers were performing those tasks at skill levels that were above their own, it was decided to lower the task designation, giving trainers—and the Army—the full advantage of accelerated learning at every level. This SMCT, if anything, reflects back to its users a faithfulness to this spirit of Army training from whom it derived, an allegiance and gratitude to the profession and legacy of every United States Army soldier. Thank you. United States Army Training and Doctrine Command United States Army Training Support Center viii Chapter 1 Introduction to the SMCT System 1-1. GENERAL Training prepares soldiers, leaders, and units to fight and win in combat— the Army's basic mission. As explained in the Army's CAPSTONE training document, FM 7-0 Training the Force, units do not have the time and resources to achieve and sustain proficiency on every possible training task. Commanders must identify the unit's critical wartime tasks. These tasks make up the unit's Mission Essential Task List (METL). Commanders use this list to develop their unit training plan. Noncommissioned Officer (NCO) trainers then plan the individual training that soldiers in the unit need to accomplish the METL. The soldier training publications (STP), also known as soldier's manuals (SMs), provide the critical individual tasks for each military occupational specialty (MOS) that support the unit's full spectrum of missions. The NCO trainer uses the tasks in the SMs to train the soldiers and measure the soldier's proficiency on these unit critical tasks. The manuals provide task performance and evaluation criteria and are the basis for individual training and evaluation in the unit and for task-based evaluation during resident training. 1-2. PURPOSE The Soldier's Manual of Common Tasks (SMCT), Skill Level (SL) I, contains the common tasks that are essential to the Army's ability to win on the modern battlefield. In the event of war, regardless of job or individual MOS, each soldier risks exposure to hostile actions. This manual contains the common tasks that soldiers must be able to perform to fight, survive, and win in combat. The SMCT provides the commander, NCO trainer or first-line supervisor, and individual soldiers with the information necessary to support integration and sustainment training in their units. This information allows trainers to plan, prepare, train, evaluate, and monitor individual training of common tasks. Using the appropriate mission training plan (MTP), MOS specific STPs, and this manual, will help provide the foundation for an effective unit training plan. 1-3. COMMANDER'S RESPONSIBILITIES The commander at each level develops a unit METL in consultation with the command sergeant major and subordinate commanders. Using the Training Planning Process described in FM 7-0, the commander develops the METL and then determines the level of training needed to attain and maintain proficiency. After determining the necessary training, the commander 1-1 develops a strategy to accomplish the required training. The commander also gives his or her trainers the guidance they need to carry out this strategy. Each commander must design a unit training plan that prepares the unit for the full spectrum of operations. Soldiers must develop and sustain proficiency in the critical tasks for their MOS and skill level. The commander's unit training program should provide individual training for all soldiers assigned to the unit and routinely evaluate soldier proficiency. The leader's assessment and the Common Task Test (CTT) are two tools that give the trainer and commander feedback on the status of training for individuals and for the unit. This feedback should also be integrated with collective training such as the MTP and crew drills. The Common Task Training Plan, located in Chapter 2, provides information on where the common tasks are first trained to standard and how often the tasks should be trained to maintain proficiency. Based on the commander's guidance, individual training in the unit is the responsibility of the NCO trainers. The commander must give the NCO trainer the priorities, resources, and direction needed to carry out training. He or she must also assess the training results of the MTP and other training events, and adjust the training plan accordingly. To develop a training program, we recommend the following seven-step approach: Step 1. Set the objectives for training. Step 2. Plan the resources (personnel, time, funds, facilities, devices, training aids). Step 3. Train the trainers. Step 4. Provide the resources. Step 5. Manage risks, environmental and safety considerations. Step 6. Conduct the training. Step 7. Evaluate the results. 1-4. TRAINER'S RESPONSIBILITIES Trainers use the steps below to plan and evaluate training. a. Identify individual training requirements. The NCO determines which tasks soldiers need to train based on the commander's training strategy. The unit's training plan, METL, MTP, and the Common Task Training Plan (Chapter 2) are sources for helping the trainer define the individual training needed. b. Plan the training. Plan individual training based on the unit’s training plan. Be prepared to take advantage of opportunities to conduct individual training (“hip pocket” training). c. Gather the training references and materials. The task summaries list references that can assist the trainer in preparing for the training of that 1-2 task. Check the Reimer Digital Library to see if any new resources have been added. d. Manage risks and environmental and safety concerns. Assess the risks involved in training a specific task under the conditions current at the time you are scheduled to train and implement controls, if necessary, to lessen the risk level. Ensure that your training preparation takes into account those cautions, warnings, and dangers associated with each task as well as environmental and safety concerns. e. Train each soldier. Show the soldier how to do the task to standard and explain step-by-step how to do the task. Give each soldier a chance to practice the task step-by-step. f. Emphasize training in Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Level 4 clothing. Soldiers have difficulty performing even very simple tasks in a nuclear/chemical environment. The combat effectiveness of the soldier and the unit can degrade quickly when trying to perform in MOPP 4. Practice is the best way to improve performance. The trainer is responsible for training and evaluating soldiers in MOPP 4 so that they are able to perform critical tasks to standards within a nuclear/chemical environment. g. Check each soldier. Evaluate how well each soldier performs the tasks in this manual. Conduct these evaluations during individual training sessions or while evaluating individual proficiency during the conduct of unit collective tasks. This manual provides a training and evaluation guide for each task to enhance the trainer's ability to conduct year-round, hands-on evaluations of tasks critical to the unit's mission. Use the information in the Common Task Training Plan as a guide to determine how often to train the solder on each task to maintain proficiency. h. Record the results. Use the leader book referred to in FM 7-10 to record task performance. This gives the leader total flexibility on the method of recording training. The trainer may use DA Form 5164-R (Hands-on Evaluation} and DA Form 5165-R (Field Expedient Squad Book} as part of the leader book. These forms are optional and locally reproducible. More information on the use of these forms is provided in Appendix B of this manual. i. Retrain and evaluate. Work with each soldier until the individual performs the task to standard. Well-planned, integrated training increases the professional competence of each soldier and contributes to the development of an efficient unit. The NCO or first-line supervisor is a vital link in the conduct of training. 1-5. SOLDIER'S RESPONSIBILITIES Each soldier must be able to perform the individual tasks that the first-line supervisor has identified based on the unit's METL. The soldier must perform the task to the standard listed in the SMCT. If a soldier has a 1-3 question about how to do a task, or which tasks in this manual he or she must perform, it is the soldier's responsibility to go to the first-line supervisor for clarification. The first-line supervisor knows how to perform each task or can direct the soldier to the appropriate training materials. Additionally, each soldier should— a. Know the training progression for both the common critical tasks and their MOS specific critical tasks for their skill level. Lists of the critical tasks can be found in Chapter 2 of this manual (for common tasks) and the STP for their specific MOS (MOS specific tasks). b. Check the Reimer Digital Library for new training materials to support self-development either to maintain previously trained tasks or to learn new tasks. 1-6. TASK SUMMARIES Task summaries document the performance requirements of a critical common task. They provide the soldier and the trainer with the information necessary to evaluate critical tasks. The format for the task summaries is— a. Task Title. The task title identifies the action to be performed. b. Task Number. A l0-digit number that identifies each task. The first three digits of the number represent the proponent code for that task. (A list of the proponent codes is given in Appendix A.) Include the entire 10-digit task number, along with the task title, in any correspondence relating to the task. c. Conditions. The task conditions identify all the equipment, tools, materials, references, job aids, and supporting personnel that the soldier needs to perform the task. This section identifies any environmental conditions that can alter task performance such as visibility, temperature, or wind. This section also identifies any specific cues or events (for example, a chemical attack or identification of an unexploded ordnance hazard) that trigger task performance. d. Standard. A task standard specifies the requirements for task performance by indicating how well, completely, or accurately a product must be produced, a process must be performed, or both. Standards are described in terms of accuracy, tolerances, completeness, format, clarity, number of errors, quantity, sequence, or speed of performance. e. Training and Evaluation Guide. This section has two parts. The first part, Performance Steps, lists the individual steps that the soldier must complete to perform the task. The second part is the Performance Evaluation Guide. This provides guidance on how to evaluate a soldier’s performance of the task. It is composed of three subsections. The Evaluation Preparation subsection identifies special setup procedures and, if required, instructions for evaluating the task performance. Sometimes the conditions and standard must be modified so that the task can be evaluated 1-4 in a situation that does not exactly duplicate actual field performance. This subsection may also include instructions that the evaluator should give to the soldier before the performance test. The Performance Measures subsection identifies the criteria for acceptable task performance. The soldier is rated (GO/NO GO) on how well he or she performs specific actions or produces specific products. As indicated in the Evaluation Guidance subsection, the soldier must score a GO on all or specified performance measures to receive a GO on the task. f. References. This section identifies references that provide more detailed and thorough explanations of task performance requirements than that given in the task summary description. This section identifies resources the soldier can use to improve or maintain performance. Additionally, task summaries can include safety statements, environmental considerations, and notes. Safety statements (danger, warning, caution) alert users to the possibility of immediate death, personal injury, or damage to equipment. Notes provide additional information to support task performance. 1-7. EVALUATING TASK PERFORMANCE Trainers need to keep the following points in mind when preparing to evaluate their soldiers— a. Review the performance measures to become familiar with the criteria on which the soldier will be scored. b. Ensure that all necessary equipment and clothing needed for proper performance of the job are on hand at the training site. Don’t forget to include safety equipment. c. Prepare the test site according to the conditions section of the task summary. Some tasks contain special evaluation preparation instructions. These instructions tell the trainer what modifications must be made to the job conditions to evaluate the task. Reset the site to its original condition after evaluating each soldier to ensure that the conditions are the same for each soldier. d. Advise each soldier of any special guidance that appears in the Evaluation Preparation section of the task summary before evaluating. e. Score each soldier based on the information in the Performance Measures and Evaluation Guidance sections. f. Record the date and task performance score ("GO" or "NO GO") in the Leader Book. 1-5 1-8. TRAINING TIPS FOR TRAINERS a. Prepare yourself: (1) Get training guidance from your chain of command on when to train, which soldiers to train, the availability of resources, and a training site. (2) Get task conditions and standards from the task summary in this manual. (3) Ensure that you can do the task. Review the task summary and the references in the reference section. Practice doing the task or, if necessary, have someone train you on the task. b. Prepare the resources: (1) Obtain the required resources as identified in the conditions statement for each task and/or modified in the Training and Evaluation Guide. (2) Gather the equipment and ensure that it is operational. (3) Prepare a training outline consisting of informal notes on what you want to cover during your training session. (4) Practice your training presentation. (5) Coordinate for the use of training aids and devices. (6) Prepare the training site using the conditions statement as modified in the Training and Evaluation Guide. c. Prepare the soldiers: (1) Tell the soldier what task to do and how well it must be done. Refer to the task standard and the performance measures for the task, as appropriate. (2) Caution soldiers about safety, environment, and security considerations. (3) Provide any necessary training on basic skills that soldiers must have before they can be trained on the task. (4) Test each soldier to determine who needs training in what areas by having the soldier perform the task. d. Train soldiers who fail the initial test: (1) Demonstrate how to do the task or the specific performance steps to those soldiers who could not perform to standard. Have the soldiers study the appropriate training materials. (2) Have the soldiers practice the task until they can perform it to standard. (3) After remedial training, retest each solider who did not initially pass the performance test. 1-6 (4) Provide feedback to those soldiers who fail to perform to the SMCT standards, and have them continue to practice until they can perform to the SMCT standards. (5) Record the results in the Leader Book. 1-9. TRAINING SUPPORT: THIS MANUAL INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING THAT PROVIDE ADDITIONAL TRAINING SUPPORT INFORMATION. a. Appendix A - Proponent School and Agency Codes guide, lists the task proponents and agency codes (first three digits of the task number) with addresses for submitting comments concerning specific tasks in this manual. b. Appendix B - Guide to Forms, explains the use of various SMCT training and evaluation forms and, in the online version of this manual, provides links to the forms. c. Appendix C - Land Navigation Skills and Knowledge, provides additional training support related to the two land navigation tasks in Subject Area 5 (Navigate). d. Glossary - The Glossary section lists abbreviations and acronyms and their definitions. e. References - The Reference section lists all reference materials cited in the task summaries by type, identification number, and title. Note: Combine training on the individual tasks contained in this manual with the collective tasks contained in the MTP. Ensure that the necessary safety equipment and clothing needed for proper performance of the job are on hand at the training site. 1-7 Chapter 2 Training Guide 2-1. COMMON TASK TRAINING PLAN The Common Task Training Plan provides information to help the trainer plan, prepare, train, evaluate, and monitor individual training in units. It lists, by general subject area and skill level, the critical common tasks soldiers must perform, the initial training location, and a suggested frequency of training. The training location column uses brevity codes to indicate where the task is first taught to standards. If the task is taught in the unit the word “UNIT” appears in this column. “SD” indicates tasks trained via self- development media. If it is taught in the training base, the brevity code (BCT, OSUT, AIT) of the resident course appears. Brevity codes and resident courses are listed below. ANCOC Advanced NCO Course BNCOC Basic NCO Course PLDC Primary Leadership Development Course BCT Basic Combat Training OSUT One Station Unit Training AIT Advanced Individual Training UNIT Trained in/by the Unit SD Self-Development Training The sustainment training column lists how often (frequency) soldiers should train on the task to ensure they maintain their proficiency. This information is not a requirement, but rather a guide the commander can use to develop a comprehensive unit training plan. The commander, with the unit trainers, is in the best position to determine on which tasks and how often soldiers need training to maintain unit readiness. Frequency Codes AN Annually SA Semi-Annually QT Quarterly 2-1 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Skill Level 1 Subject Area 1. Individual Conduct and Laws of War 181-101-1013 181-105-1001 224-176-1425 331-202-1049 805C-PAD-1245 805C-PAD-1391 Comply with the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Comply with the Law of War and the Geneva and Hague Conventions Interact with News Media Comply with the Requirements of the Code of Conduct Support Unit and Family Readiness Through the Army Family Team Building (AFTB) Program Comply with the Army's Equal Opportunity and Sexual Harassment Policies BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT AN AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN Subject Area 2. First Aid 081-831-1000 081-831-1003 081-831-1005 081-831-1007 Evaluate a Casualty Perform First Aid to Clear an Object Stuck in the Throat of a Conscious Casualty Perform First Aid to Prevent or Control Shock Perform First Aid for Burns BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT AN AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN 2-2 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 081-831-1008 081-831-1025 081-831-1026 081-831-1032 081-831-1033 081-831-1034 081-831-1042 081-831-1044 081-831-1045 081-831-1046 081-831-1053 Perform First Aid for Heat Injuries Perform First Aid for an Open Abdominal Wound Perform First Aid for an Open Chest Wound Perform First Aid for Bleeding of an Extremity Perform First Aid for an Open Head Wound Perform First Aid for a Suspected Fracture Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation Perform First Aid for Nerve Agent Injury Perform First Aid for Cold Injuries Transport a Casualty Practice Individual Preventive Medicine Countermeasures UNIT UNIT UNIT BCT/OSUT AN AN AN AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT AN SA BCT/OSUT UNIT QT AN BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT AN SA Subject Area 3. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) 031-503-1013 Decontaminate Yourself and Individual Equipment Using Chemical Decontaminating Kits BCT/OSUT AN 2-3 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 031-503-1015 031-503-1017 031-503-1018 031-503-1019 031-503-1035 031-503-1036 031-503-1037 Protect Yourself from NBC Injury/Contamination with Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Gear Respond to Depleted Uranium React to Nuclear Hazard/Attack React to Chemical or Biological Hazard/Attack Protect Yourself from Chemical/Biological Contamination Using Your Assigned Protective Mask Maintain Your Assigned Protective Mask Detect Chemical Agents Using M8 or M9 Detector Paper BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN Subject Area 4. Survive (Combat Techniques) 052-192-1042 Perform Self-Extraction from a Mined Area AIT QT 052-192-1242 Locate Mine and Booby Trap Indicators by Visual Means AIT AN 071-326-0502 071-326-0503 Move Under Direct Fire Move Over, Through, or Around Obstacles (Except Minefields) BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT SA SA 2-4 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 071-326-0510 071-326-0511 071-326-0513 071-326-3002 071-326-5703 071-331-0815 071-331-1004 071-410-0002 071-710-0006 093-401-5040 551-88M-0005 React to Indirect Fire While Dismounted React to Flares Select Temporary Fighting Positions React to Indirect Fire While Mounted Construct Individual Fighting Positions Practice Noise, Light, and Litter Discipline Perform Duty as a Guard React to Direct Fire While Mounted Plan Use of Night Vision Devices React to Unexploded Ordnance Hazards Operate a Vehicle in a Convoy BCT/OSUT SA BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT UNIT BCT/OSUT SA SA AN SA BCT/OSUT SA BCT/OSUT UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT AN AN SA SA SA Subject Area 5. Navigate 071-329-1006 071-329-1030 Navigate from One Point on the Ground to Another Point While Dismounted Navigate from One Point on the Ground to Another Point While Mounted BCT/OSUT SA UNIT SA 2-5 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 6. Communicate 113-571-1022 113-600-2001 113-637-2001 Perform Voice Communications Communicate Via a Tactical Telephone Communicate Via a Tactical Radio in a Secure Net BCT/OSUT SA BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN Subject Area 7. See 071-331-0804 071-730-0014 Perform Surveillance without the Aid of Electronic Devices Identify Combat Vehicles UNIT SA UNIT SA Subject Area 8. Hand Grenades and Land Mines 071-325-4401 071-325-4407 071-325-4425 Perform Safety Checks on Hand Grenades Employ Hand Grenades Employ an M18A1 Claymore Mine BCT/OSUT SA BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT SA QT Subject Area 9. M16-Series Rifle 071-008-0007 071-311-2025 071-311-2027 Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle Using an AN/PAS-13 Series Thermal Weapon Sight Maintain an M16-Series Rifle Load an M16-Series Rifle BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT SA BCT/OSUT SA 2-6 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 071-311-2028 071-315-2308 Unload an M16-Series Rifle Engage Targets with an M16-Series Rifle Using a Night Vision Sight AN/PVS-4 BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT SA QT Subject Area 10. M240B Machine Gun 071-000-0005 Prepare a Range Card for a Machine Gun UNIT SA 071-025-0001 071-025-0003 071-025-0004 071-025-0007 Maintain an M240B Machine Gun Load an M240B Machine Gun Unload an M240B Machine Gun Engage Targets with an M240B Machine Gun AIT AIT AIT AIT QT QT QT QT Subject Area 11. M249 Machine Gun 071-010-0006 071-312-4025 071-312-4027 071-312-4028 Engage Targets with an M249 Machine Gun Maintain an M249 Machine Gun Load an M249 Machine Gun Unload an M249 Machine Gun BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT QT BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN Subject Area 12. M60 Machine Gun 071-312-3025 Maintain an M60 Machine Gun UNIT SA 2-7 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 071-312-3027 071-312-3028 071-312-3031 Load an M60 Machine Gun Unload an M60 Machine Gun Engage Targets with an M60 Machine Gun UNIT UNIT SA SA UNIT SA Subject Area 13. MK19 Machine Gun 071-030-0001 071-030-0004 071-030-0005 071-030-0006 071-030-0007 Maintain an MK19 Machine Gun Engage Targets with an MK19 Machine Gun Load an MK19 Machine Gun Unload an MK19 Machine Gun Perform a Function Check on an MK19 Machine Gun UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT AN AN AN AN UNIT AN Subject Area 14. Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun 071-022-0001 071-022-0003 071-022-0004 071-313-3454 Maintain a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun Load a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun Unload a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun Engage Targets with a Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun UNIT QT UNIT QT UNIT QT UNIT QT 2-8 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 15. M136 Launcher 071-054-0001 071-054-0002 Prepare an M136 Launcher for Firing Restore an M136 Launcher to Carrying Configuration BCT/OSUT AN BCT/OSUT AN Subject Area 16. M203 Grenade Launcher 071-311-2125 071-311-2127 071-311-2128 071-311-2129 071-311-2130 Maintain an M203 Grenade Launcher Load an M203 Grenade Launcher Unload an M203 Grenade Launcher Correct Malfunctions of an M203 Grenade Launcher Engage Targets with an M203 Grenade Launcher BCT/OSUT QT BCT/OSUT QT BCT/OSUT QT BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT QT QT Subject Area 17. M4 Carbine 071-100-0003 071-100-0004 Engage Targets with an M4 or M4A1 Carbine Maintain an M4 or M4A1 Carbine UNIT AN UNIT AN Subject Area 18. 9-mm Pistol 071-004-0001 071-004-0003 071-004-0004 071-004-0006 Maintain an M9 Pistol Load an M9 Pistol Unload an M9 Pistol Engage Targets with an M9 Pistol UNIT UNIT UNIT UNIT AN AN AN AN 2-9 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 19. Crowd Control 191-376-4121 Use a Riot Baton 191-376-4122 BCT/OSUT BCT/OSUT QT QT Position Yourself in Riot Control Formations Subject Area 20. Casualty Reporting and Handling 101-515-1997 101-515-1998 101-515-1999 Inter Isolated Remains (After Receiving Authorization) Evacuate Isolated Remains Recover Isolated Remains BCT/OSUT SA BCT/OSUT SA BCT/OSUT SA Subject Area 21. Defense Measures 052-191-1361 052-191-1362 191-376-4114 Camouflage Yourself and Your Individual Equipment Camouflage Equipment Control Entry to and Exit from a Restricted Area BCT/OSUT QT UNIT BCT/OSUT SA SA 301-371-1000 301-371-1050 Report Intelligence Information Implement Operations Security (OPSEC) Measures BCT/OSUT AN UNIT AN 2-10 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Skill Level 2 Subject Area 1. Individual Conduct and Laws of War 181-101-2023 181-105-2001 181-105-2002 224-176-2426 331-202-1050 805C-PAD-2503 Enforce the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Enforce the Law of War and the Geneva and Hague Conventions Conduct Combat Operations According to the Law of War Enforce Compliance with Media Ground Rules Enforce Compliance with the Code of Conduct Enforce Compliance with the Army's Equal Opportunity and Sexual Harassment Policies PLDC AN UNIT AN UNIT AN UNIT UNIT SA AN PLDC QT Subject Area 2. First Aid 081-831-0101 081-831-1054 081-831-9000 Request Medical Evacuation Evacuate Casualties Implement Preventive Medicine Measures (PMM) PLDC PLDC PLDC AN SA SA 2-11 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 3. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) 031-503-1023 031-503-2001 Protect Yourself from Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Injury/Contamination When Changing Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Gear Identify Chemical Agents Using M256- Series Chemical Agent Detector Kit UNIT SA UNIT SA 031-503-2023 031-503-3002 031-503-3004 031-503-3005 031-503-3008 031-503-3010 Measure Radiation Dose Rate and Total Dose Conduct Unmasking Procedures Supervise the Crossing of a Contaminated Area Submit an NBC 1 Report Implement Mission- Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Supervise the Employment of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Markers UNIT SA UNIT SA UNIT SA UNIT SA UNIT SA UNIT AN 2-12 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 031-503-4002 031-506-1053 031-506-2061 Supervise Unit Preparation for a Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Attack Report NBC Information Using NBC 4 Report Conduct a Mask Fit Test UNIT AN UNIT UNIT SA QT Subject Area 4. Survive (Combat Techniques) 061-283-6003 071-326-0608 071-326-5704 071-326-5705 Adjust Indirect Fire Use Visual Signaling Techniques Supervise Construction of a Fighting Position Establish an Observation Post UNIT PLDC PLDC QT SA AN PLDC AN Subject Area 5. Navigate 071-329-1019 Use a Map Overlay UNIT QT Subject Area 20. Casualty Reporting and Handling 805C-PAD-2060 Report Casualties UNIT SA Subject Area 21. Defense Measures 071-430-0002 Conduct a Defense by a Squad PLDC SA Subject Area 22. Unit Operations 071-326-5502 Issue a Fragmentary Order PLDC QT 2-13 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 071-326-5503 551-88N-0002 Issue a Warning Order Prepare for Unit Move PLDC UNIT QT QT Subject Area 23. Security and Control 301-371-1200 Process Captured Materiel UNIT AN Subject Area 25. Equipment Checks 091-CLT-4029 101-92Y-0003 101-92Y-0004 101-92Y-0005 101-92Y-0006 Supervise Preventive Maintenance Checks and Services (PMCS) Enforce Compliance with Supply Discipline Procedures Enforce Property Accountability Policies Enforce Compliance with Property Accountability Policies Inspect Equipment for Accountability, Cleanliness, and Serviceability PLDC QT PLDC SA PLDC SA PLDC SA UNIT QT Subject Area 27. Risk Management 850-001-2000 Employ Accident Prevention Measures and Risk Management Process PLDC QT 2-14 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 28. Administration/Management 805C-PAD-2044 805C-PAD-2145 805C-PAD-2146 805C-PAD-2402 805C-PAD-2407 805C-PAD-2461 805C-PAD-2472 Recommend Individual for Award Counsel a Soldier on the Contents of a Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report and NCOER Checklist Prepare the Rater's Portion of a Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report (NCOER) Provide Input on Personnel Actions Affecting Subordinates Recommend Disciplinary Action for a Soldier Maintain Accountability of Personnel (Status Report) Prepare a Duty Roster PLDC QT PLDC QT PLDC AN PLDC QT PLDC AN UNIT SA UNIT AN Skill Level 3 Subject Area 1. Individual Conduct and Laws of War 805C-PAD-3238 Enforce the Equal Opportunity Program BNCOC QT 2-15 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 4. Survive (Combat Techniques) 052-192-4053 071-410-0012 071-420-0021 071-430-0028 071-430-0029 Supervise Minefield Breaching Operations Conduct Occupation of an Assembly Area Conduct a Movement to Contact by a Platoon Consolidate a Unit Reorganize a Unit UNIT SA BNCOC SA BNCOC SA BNCOC BNCOC SA SA Subject Area 5. Navigate 071-332-5000 Prepare an Operation Overlay BNCOC QT Subject Area 19. Crowd Control 191-378-4302 Form Squad-Size Riot Control Formations UNIT AN Subject Area 21. Defense Measures 052-195-3066 071-410-0019 441-091-3000 Direct Construction of Nonexplosive Obstacles Control Organic Fires Supervise the Implementation of Air Defense Measures UNIT UNIT UNIT AN SA AN Subject Area 22. Unit Operations 071-326-3013 Conduct a Tactical Road March BNCOC QT 2-16 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency 071-326-5805 071-332-5021 071-720-0015 101-92Y-0002 301-371-1150 551-88M-0001 551-88N-0003 Conduct a Route Reconnaissance Mission Prepare a Situation Map Conduct an Area Reconnaissance by a Platoon Plan Tactical Resupply Operations Identify Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (IEW) Assets Lead a Convoy Serial/March Unit Plan Unit Move UNIT QT UNIT UNIT QT QT BNCOC SA BNCOC UNIT UNIT AN SA SA Subject Area 23. Security and Control 191-379-4407 Plan Convoy Security UNIT QT Operations 301-371-1052 Protect Classified UNIT AN Information and Material 805C-PAD-3594 Store Classified UNIT AN Information and Materials 2-17 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 24. Enemy Personnel 191-379-4450 Supervise Handling of Enemy Personnel and Equipment at Squad Level UNIT AN Subject Area 27. Risk Management 850-001-3001 Control Mission Safety Hazard UNIT QT Subject Area 28. Administration/Management 805C-PAD-3147 Prepare the Senior Rater's Portion of a Noncommissioned Officer Evaluation Report (NCOER) UNIT AN Skill Level 4 Subject Area 2. First Aid 081-831-1047 081-831-1055 Supervise the Implementation of Preventive Medicine Policies Ensure Unit Combat Lifesaver Requirements Are Met UNIT AN UNIT SA Subject Area 4. Survive (Combat Techniques) 071-326-5775 101-CLT-0198 Coordinate with an Adjacent Platoon Supervise Tactical Feeding Operation ANCOC UNIT QT QT 2-18 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 19. Crowd Control 191-379-5400 Form the Platoon into a Riot Control Formation UNIT SA Subject Area 21. Defense Measures 071-430-0006 Conduct a Defense by a Platoon ANCOC QT Subject Area 22. Unit Operations 091-CLT-3009 101-92Y-0001 151-357-0001 151-357-0002 159-200-2020 181-101-4001 551-721-4326 Supervise Maintenance Operations Supervise Supply Activities Supervise CSS Functions During Platoon Operations Coordinate Combat Service Support (CSS) Operations Integrate Threat Capabilities into Mission Planning Conduct a Search/Seizure Perform Duties as Convoy Commander ANCOC UNIT ANCOC QT QT AN ANCOC AN ANCOC QT ANCOC UNIT SA SA 2-19 Common Task Training Plan Sustainment Training Training Task Number Title Location Frequency Subject Area 23. Security and Control 191-379-4408 Plan Security for a UNIT SA Command Post (CP) Subject Area 26. Crime Prevention 191-379-4425 Implement the Unit's Crime Prevention Program UNIT AN Subject Area 27. Risk Management 850-001-4001 Integrate Risk Management into Platoon ANCOC QT Subject Area 28. Administration/Management 805C-PAD-4359 805C-PAD-4550 805C-PAD-4597 Manage Soldier's Deployment Requirements Prepare a Standing Operating Procedure (SOP) Integrate Newly Assigned Soldiers UNIT SA ANCOC SA UNIT QT 2-20 2-2. SUBJECT AREA CODES. Skill Level 1 1 Individual Conduct and Laws of War 2 First Aid 3 Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) 4 Survive (Combat Techniques) 5 Navigate 6 Communicate 7 See 8 Hand Grenades and Land Mines 9 M16-Series Rifle 10 M240B Machine Gun 11 M249 Machine Gun 12 M60 Machine Gun 13 MK19 Machine Gun 14 Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun 15 M136 Launcher 16 M203 Grenade Launcher 17 M4 Carbine 18 9mm Pistol 19 Crowd Control 20 Casualty Reporting and Handling 21 Defense Measures 2-21 Table 2-1. Subject Areas in the Soldiers Manuals of Common Tasks Note. Columns at right indicate subject areas included in each manual, by skill level. STP 21-1-SMCT STP 21-24-SMCT Subject Area SL 1 SL 2 SL 3 SL 4 1 Individual Conduct and Laws of War 2 First Aid 3 Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) 4 Survive (Combat Techniques) 5 Navigate 6 Communicate 7 See 8 Hand Grenades and Land Mines 9 M16-Series Rifle 10 M240B Machine Gun 11 M249 Machine Gun 12 M60 Machine Gun 13 MK19 Machine Gun 14 Caliber .50 M2 Machine Gun 15 M136 Launcher 16 M203 Grenade Launcher 17 M4 Carbine 18 9-mm Pistol 19 Crowd Control 20 Casualty Reporting and Handling 21 Defense Measures 22 Unit Operations 23 Security and Control 24 Enemy Personnel 25 Equipment Checks 26 Crime Prevention 27 Risk Management 28 Administration/Management 2-22 Chapter 3 Skill Level 1 Tasks Skill Level 1 SUBJECT AREA 1: INDIVIDUAL CONDUCT AND LAWS OF WAR 181-101-1013 Comply With the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Conditions: You are a soldier in the U.S. Army. You are responsible for identifying, understanding, and complying with the provisions of the U.S. Army's military justice system, including the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). You must understand the ramifications you might face for violating the UCMJ, your commander's disciplinary options, and your legal rights in these proceedings. Standards: The soldier identified, understood, and complied with the provisions of the U.S. Army's military justice system, including UCMJ. He understood the potential ramifications for violating the UCMJ, the commander's disciplinary options, and his legal rights in these proceedings. Performance Steps 1. Define military justice. 2. Describe the military justice system. a. Describe the purpose of the military justice system. b. Describe the similarities and differences between the military justice system and the American civil legal system. c. Describe the UCMJ and identify to whom it applies. 3. Identify who has authority to take disciplinary action against a soldier for misconduct. 4. Describe a commander's responsibility to conduct a preliminary investigation into misconduct allegedly committed by a soldier under his command. a. Describe the basis and procedures of a commander's inquiry. b. Describe the basis and procedures of an AR 15-6 investigation. c. Describe the requirement for the military police or Criminal Investigation Command (CID) to conduct a criminal investigation. 5. List the disciplinary options available to the commander. Skill Level 1 181-101-1013 3-1 Performance Steps a. Describe how a commander can take no action at all or close a case. b. Describe how a commander can use administrative or nonpunitive measures. (1) List administrative or nonpunitive disciplinary measures available to a commander. (2) Describe why a commander may wish to use nonpunitive or administrative disciplinary measures rather than impose nonjudicial punishment or proceed to court-martial. c. Define nonjudicial punishment and how a commander can use nonjudicial punishment. d. Define judicial punishment and how a commander can use judicial punishment. 6. List factors a commander should consider when determining what disciplinary option to pursue. a. Describe whether a commander should consider the character and military service of the accused. b. Describe whether a commander should consider the nature and circumstances of the offense and the extent of the harm caused. c. Describe whether a commander should consider the needs of the service and the probable effect of his decision on the command and the military community. d. Describe whether a commander should consider the disposition of similar offenses in the past and the general disciplinary trends within the command. e. Describe whether a commander should consider the appropriateness of the authorized punishment to the particular accused and offense. f. Describe whether a commander should determine whether he has jurisdiction over the accused and the offense. g. Describe whether a commander should consider the availability and admissibility of evidence against the accused. h. Describe whether a commander should consider the cooperation of the accused in the apprehension or conviction of others. i. Describe whether a commander should consider the possible improper motives of the accuser. j. Describe whether a commander should consider that the victim or others are reluctant to testify. 3-2 181-101-1013 Performance Steps 7. Describe nonpunitive or administrative disciplinary actions. a. Define an admonition or reprimand. (1) Describe the purposes of an admonition or reprimand. (2) Describe whether an admonition or reprimand may be in writing, orally, or both. (3) Describe the soldier's legal rights in regards to an admonition or reprimand. (4) Describe the commander's filing determination for a written admonition or reprimand. (5) Describe whether an administrative admonition or reprimand is punitive. b. Define counseling of a soldier. (1) Describe the purpose for counseling. (2) Describe whether counseling may be written, oral, or both. (3) Describe the soldier's rights during counseling. (4) Describe where a commander may file a written counseling statement. c. Define withholding a soldier's privileges as an administrative disciplinary action. (1) Describe the purpose for withholding privileges. (2) Describe what privileges may be withheld and under what circumstances. d. Define extra duty as an administrative disciplinary action. (1) Describe the purpose of extra duty. (2) Describe what forms or methods of extra duty may be imposed and under what circumstances. (3) Describe the requirement that extra duty be tailored to address training deficiency, not used as punishment. e. Define administrative separations. (1) List administrative separations available under AR 635-200. (2) Describe the purposes for an administrative separation action. (3) Describe the procedures for an administrative separation action. (4) Describe the circumstances under which a soldier is entitled to an administrative separation board. (a) Describe the composition of an administrative separation board. 181-101-1013 3-3 Performance Steps (b) Describe the duties and responsibilities of an administrative separation board. (5) Describe a soldier's right to legal counsel for consultation and/or representation during an administrative separation action. (6) Describe the types of discharges a soldier may receive from an administrative separation action. (7) Identify the approval authority for an administrative separation action. 8. Describe nonjudicial, or Article 15, punishment. a. List who may impose nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. (1) Define who constitutes a "commander". (2) Describe a superior commander's authority to withhold nonjudicial or Article 15 authority over specific offenses or persons. (3) Describe the prohibition against a superior commander directing a subordinate commander to take action under Article 15 or dictating to the subordinate commander the type or quantity of punishment to be administered under Article 15. b. Describe the circumstances under which a commander may wish to impose nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. c. Describe the advantages of disposing of offenses by imposing nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. d. Describe offenses for which a Commander may impose nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. e. Define a "minor" offense under the UCMJ. f. Define a "summarized" Article 15 and a "formal" Article 15. g. List the procedures and maximum punishment that may be imposed by a summarized Article 15. h. Define a "company grade" Article 15 and a "field grade" Article 15. i. Describe an accused soldier's legal rights under nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment, including the right to consultation or representation by a defense counsel. j. Describe a soldier's right to turn down an Article 15 and demand trial by court-martial and the time period in which the soldier must make that decision. k. Describe the procedures of a nonjudicial or Article 15 hearing. l. Describe the “standard of proof” required when imposing nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. 3-4 181-101-1013 Performance Steps m. Describe the maximum punishments that may be imposed by a company grade or field grade Article 15. n. Describe a soldier's appellate rights subsequent to an Article 15 action. (1) Describe who serves as the appellate authority. (2) Describe the time period to act on an appeal. (3) Describe the actions that the appellate authority may take. 9. Define "preferral" of court-martial charges. a. Identify who may prefer a court-martial charge. b. Describe the requirement and procedures typically used to notify the accused of the charges as soon as possible after preferral. 10. Define "pretrial restraint" of a soldier. a. Define the purposes of pretrial restraint. b. List the types of restraint. (1) Define apprehension and its purpose. (a) List who is authorized to apprehend persons subject to the UCMJ. (b) List the factors that must be present and later articulated in order to properly apprehend a person subject to the UCMJ. (2) Define conditions on liberty and its purpose. (3) Define restriction, its purpose, and whether a soldier may be required to perform military duties while on restriction. (4) Define arrest, its purpose, and the differences between arrest and restriction. (5) Define confinement and its purpose. (a) Define the factors that must exist in order to properly place a soldier in pretrial confinement. (b) Identify who has the authority to place a soldier in pretrial confinement. (c) Describe the review and approval procedures for pretrial confinement. 11. Define "referral" of court-martial charges and identify who may refer a court-martial charge. 12. Define "convening authority" for a court-martial and identify the duties and responsibilities of a convening authority. 13. List the different levels of courts-martial. 181-101-1013 3-5 Performance Steps a. Define a summary court-martial. (1) Identify who is the convening authority for a summary court- martial. (2) Describe the types of offenses that are typically handled by a summary court-martial. by a summary court-martial. (3) Describe the types of offenses for which soldiers may be tried (4) Describe whether a military judge presides at a summary court- martial. (5) Describe the presiding official at a summary court-martial. (6) Describe whether a jury or panel exists at a summary court- martial. (7) Describe whether an accused is entitled to be represented by defense counsel at a summary court-martial. (8) Describe the requirement for a soldier to consent to trial by summary court-martial. (9) Describe what happens if an accused refuses trial by summary court-martial. (10) (11) Describe the procedures of a summary court-martial. Describe the standard of proof for conviction at a summary court-martial. (12) Identify who must establish or meet the standard of proof. (13) Describe the maximum punishment that a summary court- martial may impose. (14) Describe the appellate rights of a soldier tried and convicted by a summary court-martial. b. Define a special court-martial. (1) Identify who is the convening authority for a special court- martial. (2) Describe what soldiers may be tried by a special court-martial. (3) Describe whether a military judge presides at a special court- martial. (4) Describe the duties and responsibilities of a military judge at a special court-martial. (5) Describe whether a jury or panel exists at a special court- martial and its composition. 3-6 181-101-1013 Performance Steps (a) Describe the duties and responsibilities of a jury or panel at a special court-martial. (b) Describe the minimum number of jury or panel members. (6) Describe whether an accused is entitled to be represented by defense counsel at a special court-martial. (7) Describe the requirement for a trial counsel to represent the U.S. Government at a special court-martial. (8) Describe the procedures of a special court-martial. (9) Describe the Standard of Proof for conviction at a special court- martial and identify who must establish or meet this standard of proof. (10) Describe the maximum punishment that a special court-martial may impose. (11) Describe a soldier's appellate rights if convicted by a special court-martial. (12) Describe the differences between a special court-martial and a special court-martial empowered to adjudge a bad conduct discharge. c. Define a general court-martial. (1) Identify who convenes a general court-martial. (2) Describe what soldiers may be tried by a general court-martial. (3) Describe what types of offenses are typically tried by a general court-martial. (4) Describe the requirement and procedures for a pre-trial investigation, or Article 32 investigation, prior to convening a general court- martial. (5) Describe whether a military judge presides at a General Court- Martial. (6) Describe the duties and responsibilities of a military judge at a General Court-Martial. (7) Describe whether a jury or panel exists at a general court- martial and its composition. (a) Describe the duties and responsibilities of a jury or panel at a general court-martial. (b) Describe the minimum number of panel or jury members. (8) Describe whether an accused is entitled to be represented by defense counsel at a general court-martial. 181-101-1013 3-7 Performance Steps (9) Describe the requirement for a trial counsel to represent the U.S. Government at a general court-martial. (10) Describe the procedures of a general court-martial. (11) Describe the standard of proof required for conviction at a general court-martial and identify who must establish or meet this Standard of Proof. (12) Describe the maximum punishment that a general court-martial may impose. (13) Describe a soldier's appellate rights if convicted by a general court-martial. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate this task at the end of military justice training. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier that he will be evaluated on his ability to identify, understand, and comply with the provisions of the U.S. Army's military justice system, including the UCMJ. Tell the soldier that he will also be evaluated on his ability to understand the potential ramifications for violating the UCMJ, the commander's disciplinary options, and the soldier's legal rights in these proceedings. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Defined military justice. —— —— 2. Described the military justice system. —— —— a. Described the purpose of the military justice system. b. Described the similarities and differences between the military justice system and the American civil legal system. c. Described the UCMJ and to whom it applies. 3. Identified who has authority to take disciplinary action against a soldier for misconduct. —— —— 4. Described a commander's responsibility to conduct a preliminary investigation into misconduct allegedly —— —— committed by a soldier under his command. a. Described the basis and procedures of a commander's inquiry. b. Described the basis and procedures of an AR 15-6 investigation. 3-8 181-101-1013 Performance Measures GO NO GO c. Described the requirement for the military police or Criminal Investigation Command (CID) to conduct a criminal investigation. 5. Listed the disciplinary options available to the commander. —— —— a. Described how a commander can take no action at all or close a case. b. Described how a commander can use administrative or nonpunitive measures. (1) Listed administrative or nonpunitive disciplinary measures available to a commander. (2) Described why a commander may wish to use nonpunitive or administrative disciplinary measures rather than impose nonjudicial punishment or proceed to court-martial. c. Defined nonjudicial punishment and how a commander can use nonjudicial punishment. d. Defined judicial punishment and how a commander can use judicial punishment. 6. Listed factors a commander should consider when determining what disciplinary option to pursue. —— —— a. Described whether a commander should consider the character and military service of the accused. b. Described whether a commander should consider the nature and circumstances of the offense and the extent of the harm caused. c. Described whether a commander should consider the needs of the service and the probable effect of his decision on the command and the military community. d. Described whether a commander should consider the disposition of similar offenses in the past and the general disciplinary trends within the command. e. Described whether a commander should consider the appropriateness of the authorized punishment to the particular accused and offense. f. Described whether a commander should determine whether he has jurisdiction over the accused and the offense. 181-101-1013 3-9 Performance Measures g. Described whether a commander should consider the availability and admissibility of evidence against the accused. h. Described whether a commander should consider the cooperation of the accused in the apprehension or conviction of others. i. Described whether a commander should consider the possible improper motives of the accuser. j. Described whether a commander should consider that the victim or others are reluctant to testify. 7. Described nonpunitive or administrative disciplinary actions. a. Defined an admonition or reprimand. (1) Described the purposes of an admonition or reprimand. (2) Described whether an admonition or reprimand may be written, oral, or both. (3) Described the soldier's legal rights in regards to an admonition or reprimand. (4) Described the commander's filing determination for a written admonition or reprimand. (5) Described whether an administrative admonition or reprimand is punitive. b. Defined counseling of a soldier. (1) Described the purpose of counseling. (2) Described whether counseling may be written, oral, or both. (3) Described the soldier's rights during counseling. (4) Described where a commander may file a written counseling statement. c. Defined withholding a soldier's privileges as an administrative disciplinary action. (1) Described the purpose for withholding privileges. (2) Described what privileges may be withheld and under what circumstances. 3-10 181-101-1013 GO NO GO —— —— Performance Measures GO NO GO d. Defined extra duty as an administrative disciplinary action. (1) Described the purpose of extra duty. (2) Described what forms or methods of extra duty may be imposed and under what circumstances. (3) Described the requirement that extra duty be tailored to address the training deficiency, not used as punishment. e. Defined administrative separations. (1) Listed administrative separations available under AR 635-200. (2) Described the purposes for an administrative separation action. (3) Described the procedures for an administrative separation action. (4) Described the circumstances under which a soldier is entitled to an administrative separation board. (a) Described the composition of an administrative separation board. (b) Described the duties and responsibilities of an administrative separation board. (5) Described a soldier's right to legal counsel for consultation and/or representation during an administrative separation action. (6) Described the types of discharges a soldier may receive from an administrative separation action. (7) Identified the approval authority for an administrative separation action. 8. Described nonjudicial, or Article 15, punishment. —— —— a. Listed who may impose nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. (1) Defined who constitutes a "commander." (2) Described a superior commander's authority to withhold nonjudicial or Article 15 authority over specific offenses or persons. 181-101-1013 3-11 Performance Measures GO NO GO (3) Described the prohibition against a superior commander directing a subordinate commander to take action under Article 15 or dictating to the subordinate commander the type or quantity of punishment to be administered under Article 15. b. Described the circumstances under which a commander may impose nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. c. Described the advantages of disposing of offenses by imposing nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. d. Described for which offenses a commander may impose nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. e. Defined a "minor" offense under the UCMJ. f. Defined a "summarized" Article 15 and a "formal" Article 15. g. Listed the procedures and maximum punishment that may be imposed by a summarized Article 15. h. Defined a "company grade" Article 15 and a "field grade" Article 15. i. Described an accused soldier's legal rights under nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment, including the right to consultation or representation by a defense counsel. j. Described a soldier's right to turn down an Article 15 and demand trial by court-martial and the time period in which a soldier must make that decision. k. Described the procedures of a nonjudicial or Article 15 hearing. l. Described the standard of proof required when imposing nonjudicial or Article 15 punishment. m. Described the maximum punishments that may be imposed by a company grade or field grade Article 15. n. Described a soldier's appellate rights subsequent to an Article 15 hearing. (1) Described who serves as the appellate authority. (2) Described the time to act on an appeal. 3-12 181-101-1013 Performance Measures GO NO GO (3) Described the actions that the appellate authority may take. 9. Defined "preferral" of court-martial charges. —— —— a. Identified who may prefer a court-martial charge. b. Described the requirement and procedures typically used to notify the accused of the charges as soon as possible after preferral. 10. Defined "pretrial restraint" of a soldier. —— —— a. Defined the purposes of pretrial restraint. b. Listed the types of restraint. (1) Defined apprehension and its purpose. (a) Listed who is authorized to apprehend persons subject to the UCMJ. (b) Listed the factors that must be present and later articulated in order to properly apprehend a person subject to the UCMJ. (2) Defined conditions on liberty and its purpose. (3) Defined restriction, its purpose, and whether a soldier may be required to perform military duties while on restriction. (4) Defined arrest, its purpose, and the differences between arrest and restriction. (5) Defined confinement and its purpose. (a) Defined the factors that must exist in order to properly place a soldier in pretrial confinement. (b) Identified who has the authority to place a soldier in pretrial confinement. (c) Described the review and approval procedures for pretrial confinement. 11. Defined "referral" of court-martial charges and identified who may refer a court-martial charge. —— —— 12. Defined "convening authority" for a court-martial and identified the duties and responsibilities of a convening —— —— authority. 13. Listed the different levels of courts-martial. —— —— 181-101-1013 3-13 Performance Measures GO NO GO a. Defined a summary court-martial. (1) Identified the convening authority for a summary court-martial. (2) Described what types of offenses are typically handled by a summary court-martial. (3) Described what soldiers may be tried by a summary court-martial. (4) Described whether a military judge presides at a summary court-martial. (5) Described the presiding official is at a summary court-martial. (6) Described whether a jury or panel exists at a summary court-martial. (7) Described whether an accused is entitled to be represented by defense counsel at a summary court- martial. (8) Described the requirement for a soldier to consent to trial by summary court-martial. (9) Described what happens if an accused refuses trial by summary court-martial. (10) Described the procedures of a summary court-martial. (11) Described the standard of proof for conviction at a summary court-martial. (12) Identified who must establish or meet this standard of proof. (13) Described the maximum punishment that a summary court-martial may impose. (14) Described the appellate rights of a soldier tried and convicted by a summary court-martial. b. Defined a special court-martial. (1) Identified the convening authority for a special court-martial. (2) Described what soldiers may be tried by a special court-martial. (3) Described whether a military judge presides at a special court-martial. 3-14 181-101-1013 Performance Measures GO NO GO (4) Described the duties and responsibilities of a military judge at a special court-martial. (5) Described whether a jury or panel exists at a special court-martial and its composition. (a) Described the duties and responsibilities of a jury or panel at a special court-martial. (b) Described the minimum number of jury or panel members. (6) Described whether an accused is entitled to be represented by defense counsel at a special court- martial. (7) Described the requirement for a trial counsel to represent the U.S. Government at a special court- martial. (8) Described the procedures of a special court- martial. (9) Described the standard of proof for conviction at a special court-martial and identified who must establish or meet this standard of proof. (10) Described the maximum punishment that a special court-martial may impose. (11) Described the appellate rights of a soldier's convicted by a special court-martial. (12) Described the differences between a special court-martial and a special court-martial empowered to adjudge a bad conduct discharge. c. Defined a general court-martial. (1) Identified who convenes a general court- martial. (2) Described what soldiers may be tried by a general court-martial. (3) Described what types of offenses are typically tried by a general court-martial. (4) Described the requirement and procedures for a pre-trial investigation, or Article 32 investigation, prior to convening a general court-martial. (5) Described whether a military judge presides at a general court-martial. 181-101-1013 3-15 Performance Measures GO NO GO (6) Described the duties and responsibilities of a military judge at a general court-martial. (7) Described whether a jury or panel exists at a general court-martial and its composition. (a) Described the duties and responsibilities of a jury or panel at a general court-martial. (b) Described the minimum number of panel or jury members. (8) Described whether an accused is entitled to be represented by a defense counsel at a general court- martial. (9) Described the requirement for a trial counsel to represent the U.S. Government at a general court- martial. (10) Described the procedures of a general court- martial. (11) Described the standard of proof required for conviction at a general court-martial and identified who must establish or meet this standard of proof. (12) Described the maximum punishment that a general court-martial may impose. (13) Described a soldier's appellate rights if convicted by a general court-martial. Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References: Required AR 15-6 181-105-1001 Comply with the Law of War and the Geneva and Hague Conventions Conditions: You are a soldier in the U.S. Army. You are responsible for identifying, understanding, and complying with the provisions of the Law of War, including the Geneva and Hague conventions. You are also 3-16 181-105-1001 responsible for identifying and notifying the appropriate authorities of any suspected or known violations of the Law of War. Standards: The soldier identified, understood, and complied with the Law of War. Identified problems or situations that violate the policies and took appropriate action, including notifying appropriate authorities, so expedient action could be taken to correct the problem or situation. Performance Steps 1. Define the Customary Law of War. a. Describe the purpose and result of the Customary Law of War. b. Describe the relationship between the Customary Law of War and the Hague Convention and Geneva Convention. 2. 3. 4. Describe what the Hague and Geneva conventions basically represent. Describe the U.S. responsibility to comply with the Hague and Geneva conventions. Describe the Customary Law of War and Hague Convention's limitations on targets. a. Describe the international law prohibition on targeting or attacking civilians. b. Describe the Hague regulations prohibition on the destruction or seizure of enemy property unless imperatively demanded by military necessity. c. Describe the Hague Regulation provisions regarding attacking a military target or a place occupied by a combatant force. d. Describe the Hague Regulation prohibition against attacking an undefended town, village, dwellings, buildings, or other such place. (1) Define an undefended place within the meaning of the Hague Convention. (2) Describe the conditions that must exist for a place to be considered undefended. (3) Describe the effect of medical units, wounded and sick, and police forces within the undefended place on the character or status of the undefended place. e. Describe the permissibility of attacking or bombarding defended places. (1) Define what constitutes a defended place. (2) Describe the status (defended or undefended) of a city or town surrounded by detached defense positions. f. Describe what constitutes a permissible military objective for attack, including bombardment. 181-105-1001 3-17 Performance Steps g. Describe the relationship between military necessity versus unnecessary suffering or destruction. h. Describe the protections afforded buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes, or historic monuments during an attack or bombardment. i. Describe the effect on protected status afforded buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes, or historic monuments if these buildings are being used for military purposes. j. Describe the protections afforded hospitals and other places where the sick and wounded are collected during an attack or bombardment. (1) Describe the effect on this protected status if enemy soldiers are the sick and wounded inside these hospitals or medical areas. (2) Describe the effect on this protected status if these hospitals or medical areas are being used for military purposes. k. Describe what may constitute an illegal trick or method or treacherous act under the Law of War in regards to permissible targets. l. Describe why illegal tricks or methods or treacherous acts are prohibited. m. Describe the legality of incidental damage to surrounding buildings during an attack on a legitimate target. 5. Describe the Customary Law of War and Hague Regulation prohibitions on the use of certain types of weapons. a. Describe the Hague Regulation prohibitions against the employment of arms, material, or projectiles designed to cause unnecessary suffering. b. Describe the possibility of a soldier violating the law of war by using an issued weapon in an illegal manner. c. Describe the Hague Regulation prohibition on the use in war of poison or poisoned weapons against human beings. d. Describe the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibition regarding the use of asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases, and the bacteriological methods of warfare in war. e. Describe the 1925 Geneva Protocol ban on the use of chemical weapons in war. (1) Describe the U.S. prohibition on the first use of chemical weapons in war. 3-18 181-105-1001 Performance Steps (2) Describe the U.S. reservation to use chemical weapons against a state if that state fails to respect the Geneva Protocol ban on the use of chemical weapons. (3) Define a lethal agent and describe how this Geneva Protocol applies to a lethal agent. (4) Define what constitutes an incapacitating agent and describe how this Geneva Protocol applies to an incapacitating agent. (5) Describe the U.S. position that the Geneva Protocol does not prohibit the use of either chemical herbicides or riot control agents in war. (a) Describe the U.S. unilateral renouncement of first use of herbicides in war and exception to this policy. (b) Describe the U.S. policy regarding first use of riot-control agents in war. (c) Describe the requirement for presidential approval prior to use of herbicides or riot-control agents in armed conflict. (6) Describe the U.S. position regarding the initial or retaliatory use of bacteriological methods of warfare. (7) Describe the 1925 Geneva Protocol position regarding the use of smoke and incendiary materials in war. (8) Describe international law position regarding the use of nuclear weapons by air, sea, or land forces. 6. Describe the rules of the Customary Law of War and Geneva Convention of 1949 governing the humane treatment of noncombatants. a. Define who constitutes a noncombatant. b. Define what constitutes humane treatment. c. Describe what acts are strictly prohibited against noncombatants. d. Describe what constitutes humane treatment of prisoners of war. (1) Describe how all captured persons are entitled to be treated as prisoners of war until their actual status is determined. (2) Describe the requirement to evacuate all captured or detained persons to a detainee collection point. (3) Describe what persons determine a captured or detained person status. (4) Describe the Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war prohibition on the use of physical force, mental torture, or coercion to obtain information. 181-105-1001 3-19 Performance Steps (5) Describe what information the 1949 Geneva Prisoner of War Convention requires a prisoner of war to provide his captor. (6) Describe what actions a captor or detaining power may take against a prisoner of war who refuses to answer questions, and give the practical reasons for this policy. (7) Describe the required treatment of prisoners of war in regards to— (a) Daily food and living quarters. (b) Medical care. (c) Personal hygiene. (d) Exercise or observance of religious faith. (e) Retention of personal property. (f) Receive and send mail. (g) Having a prisoner representative. (h) Maintaining a chain of command. (i) Requirement to work. (8) Describe a prisoner of war responsibility to obey lawful camp rules and disciplinary actions that may be taken against the prisoner of war for violation of these rules. e. Describe what constitutes the humane treatment of the wounded and sick. (1) Describe the applicability of Article 14 of the Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in the armed forces in the field, and what it provides regarding the prisoner of war status of wounded and sick of a belligerent who falls into enemy hands. (2) Describe what Article 12 of the Geneva Wounded and Sick Convention provides regarding protection and treatment of members of the armed forces who are wounded or sick. (3) Describe the requirement to leave medical personnel and material behind to care for wounded and sick. (4) Describe the protections afforded medical personnel. (a) Describe how these protections apply to military medics. (b) Describe how these protections apply to medical staff exclusively engaged in the administration of medical units and establishments. 3-20 181-105-1001 Performance Steps (c) Describe how these protections apply to chaplains attached to the armed forces. (d) Describe how these protections apply to staff of national Red Cross societies and other voluntary aid organizations. (5) Describe the status of captured full-time medical personnel as prisoners of war or retained personnel. (a) Describe the right of retained medical personnel to perform medical duties. (b) Describe the right and time limitation of the detaining power to retain full-time medical personnel under the Wounded and Sick Geneva Convention. (c) Describe the requirement and procedures the detaining power must follow to return retained medical personnel to their own side. (d) Describe the relationship of the Geneva Convention to prisoners of war and retained personnel. (e) Describe the requirement of retained personnel to follow the captor's internal disciplinary system of the camp at which they are detained. (6) Describe the status and protections afforded members of the armed forces specially trained for employment as hospital orderlies, nurses, or bearers of auxiliary stretchers. (a) Describe the individual status of prisoners of war versus retained personnel. (b) Describe the individual rights regarding return to their own side. (c) Describe the individual rights regarding work or duties while in the prisoner of war camp. (7) Describe the status and protections afforded members of recognized aid societies of neutral countries that lend assistance of their medical personnel and units to a party to the conflict. (a) Describe what consent, authorization, and control mechanism are required in order for these individuals to assist a party to the conflict. (b) Describe what notification requirements are necessary in order for these individuals to assist a party to the conflict. (c) Describe the captor's right to detain these individuals and the requirement to return them to their own side. 181-105-1001 3-21 Performance Steps (d) Describe what work these individuals may perform while detained. (8) Describe the protected status of medical property, material, and equipment under the Geneva Wounded and Sick Convention. (a) Describe the circumstances under which fixed medical establishments and mobile units of the medical service may be attacked. (b) Describe the duty to ensure medical establishments and units are not situated near military objectives. (c) Describe the relationship between protections afforded medical establishments and incidental damage, injury, or death to patients or personnel. (d) Describe the possible loss of its protected status if fixed medical establishments and mobile medical units are used to commit acts harmful to the enemy. (e) Describe the requirement for the enemy to warn the medical establishment prior to the loss of its protected status. (f) Describe that only after the enemy provides such warning, and the warning remains unheeded, will the protection of the medical establishment lapse. (g) Describe circumstances that do not deprive a medical unit or establishment of its protection. (h) Describe whether medical personnel being armed and using these arms to defend themselves and the sick and wounded deprives the medical unit or establishment of its protection. (i) Describe whether the medical unit or establishment being protected by a picket, sentries, or an escort in the absence of armed orderlies deprives the medical unit or establishment of its protection. (j) Describe whether the establishment or medical unit is deprived of its protection if small arms or ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not yet turned over to the proper service are found on the medical unit or establishment. (k) Describe whether personnel from the medical unit or establishment providing humanitarian care to the civilian wounded or sick deprive the medical unit or establishment of its protection. (l) Describe the provisions of the Geneva Wounded and Sick Convention regarding the establishment of hospital zones and localities in order to shield the wounded and sick from the impact of war. 3-22 181-105-1001 Performance Steps (m) Describe the enemy's obligation to restore medical buildings to the other side, and the ownership of captured medical material, stores, and equipment. (n) Describe a commander's authority to use medical buildings for other than medical purposes, in cases of urgent military necessity. (o) Describe the private property status and the right of requisition of real and personal property of aid societies. (p) Describe the protected status of medical aircraft. (q) Define what constitutes a medical aircraft. (r) Describe the requirement for medical aircraft to fly at heights and times, and on routes specifically agreed upon between the conflicting parties. (s) Describe the required protective markings that must be displayed on medical aircraft. (t) Describe the prohibition against medical aircraft flying over enemy territory or enemy-occupied territory. (u) Describe the requirement for medical aircraft to land, upon request from the enemy. (v) Describe the right of medical aircraft to continue their flight after examination by the enemy. (w) Describe the prisoner of war status of the wounded and sick and the aircraft crew captured by the enemy after an involuntary landing of the medical aircraft because of mechanical failure or inclement weather. (x) Describe the emblem or distinctive sign of the medical service of an armed force. (y) Describe what other medical service emblems are recognized by the Geneva Convention. (z) Describe whether the Star of David, used by the State of Israel, is specifically recognized by the Geneva Convention. (aa) Describe under what direction and where these medical service emblems must be displayed. (ab) Describe what medical service emblems medical personnel are required to wear and where these emblems should be displayed. (ac) Describe the requirement for medical personnel to carry a special identity card bearing the medical emblem. 181-105-1001 3-23 Performance Steps (ad) Describe the circumstances under which medical personnel may be deprived of their insignia, identity cards, or the right to wear the armlet. (ae) Describe the right of medical personnel to receive duplicate identity cards or replace insignia if lost. (af) Describe the medical service emblems that auxiliary stretcher bearers must wear and when they must wear these emblems. (ag) Describe what information must be specified on the military identity documents of auxiliary stretcher bearers. (ah) Describe what flag may be flown over medical units and establishments. (ai) Describe what flags may be flown over captured medical units. (aj) Describe the requirement for distinctive emblems indicating medical units and establishments to be clearly visible to the enemy land, air, or naval forces. (ak) Describe what flags may be flown over medical units belonging to aid societies of neutral countries assisting a party to the conflict. f. Describe what constitutes the humane treatment of civilians. (1) Describe what rights and protections are afforded the civilian population of the country in conflict under Article 27 of the Geneva Convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war. (2) Describe the rights of civilians to be protected against all acts or threats of violence and against insults and public curiosity. (3) Describe the rights of civilian women to be protected against attack, enforced prostitution, rape, and other forms of sexual assault. (4) Describe the right of an occupying force to enforce control and security measures and how commanders must ensure that all persons are treated humanely, while enforcing control and security measures. (5) Describe the right of civilians not to be subjected to medical or scientific experiments, nor made the object of collective penalties or reprisals, or held hostage. (6) Describe the right of civilians to have their property protected from pillage or looting. (7) Describe the right of the occupying power to establish laws and try and punish civilians for violations of these occupation laws. 7. Describe the responsibilities of U.S. soldiers to obey the Law of War. 3-24 181-105-1001 Performance Steps a. Describe how U.S. soldiers are bound to obey all the rules of the Customary Law of War and the Hague and Geneva conventions. b. Describe how U.S. soldiers may be court-martialled for violating these rules. c. Describe how U.S. soldiers may also be prosecuted for committing a war crime. d. Define a grave breach of the Law of War. (1) Describe what criminal offenses may constitute a grave breach. (2) Describe what disciplinary actions may be taken against a U.S. soldier, who commits a grave breach. (3) Describe the statute of limitations on the prosecution of a war crime. (4) Describe the responsibilities of the United States, as a signatory of the Geneva Convention, regarding a person who commits a grave breach. e. Describe the responsibilities of the commander in regards to violations of the Law of War. (1) Describe how the legal responsibility for the commission of a war crime can be placed on the commander as well as the subordinate who actually commits the war crime. (2) Describe the circumstances under which a commander may be prosecuted for the commission of a war crime. f. Describe a criminal order and a soldier's responsibility toward a criminal order. (1) Describe the applicability of a soldier asserting the defense of "obeying a superior order" for the commission of a war crime. (2) Describe whether a subordinate soldier, who actually commits a war crime, is excused from prosecution if the commander is charged with the commission of the war crime. (3) Describe the responsibility of a soldier to disobey any order that requires the soldier to commit criminal acts in violation of the Law of War. (4) Describe the responsibility of a soldier to obey the rules of engagement and the potential consequences for violating the rules of engagement. (5) Describe the responsibility of the soldier to ask a superior for clarification of an order presumed to be criminal or illegal. g. Describe a soldier's obligation to report violations of the Law of War. 181-105-1001 3-25 Performance Steps (1) Describe the requirement of a soldier to inform the chain of command of known or suspected violations of the Law of War. (2) Describe what other avenues or agencies are available for the soldier to report known or suspected violations of the Law of War. (3) Describe when soldiers should notify their chain of command or alternative agencies of known or suspected violations of the Law of War. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate this task at the end of Law of War training. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier that he will be evaluated on his ability to identify, understand, and comply with the Law of War, including the Geneva and Hague conventions. Tell the soldier that he will also be evaluated on his ability to identify problems or situations that violate the Law of War and take appropriate action, including notifying appropriate authorities of suspected or actual violations of the Law of War, so expedient action may be taken to correct the problem or situation. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Defined the Customary Law of War. ______ ______ a. Described the purpose and result of the Customary Law of War. b. Described the relationship between the Customary Law of War and the Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Convention of 1949. 2. Described what the Hague and Geneva conventions basically represent. ______ ______ 3. Described the U.S. responsibility to comply with the Hague and Geneva conventions. ______ ______ 4. Described the Customary Law of War and Hague Convention limitation on targets. ______ ______ a. Described the international law prohibition on targeting or attacking civilians. b. Described the Hague Regulation prohibition on the destruction or seizure of enemy property unless imperatively demanded by military necessity. c. Described the Hague Regulation provisions regarding attacking a military target or a place occupied by a combatant force. 3-26 181-105-1001 Performance Measures GO NO GO d. Described the Hague Regulation prohibition against attacking an undefended town, village, dwellings, buildings, or other such place. (1) Defined an undefended place within the meaning of the Hague Convention. (2) Described the condition that must exist for a place to be considered undefended. (3) Described the effect of medical units, wounded and sick, and police forces within the undefended place on the character or status of the undefended place. e. Described the permissibility of attacking or bombarding defended places. (1) Defined what constitutes a defended place. (2) Described the status (defended or undefended) of a city or town surrounded by detached defense positions. f. Described what constitutes a permissible military objective for attack, including bombardment. g. Described the relationship between military necessity versus unnecessary suffering or destruction. h. Described the protections afforded buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes, or historic monuments during an attack or bombardment. i. Described the effect on protected status afforded buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes, or historic monuments if these buildings are being used for military purposes. j. Described the protections afforded hospitals and other places where the sick and wounded are collected during an attack or bombardment. (1) Described the effect on this protected status if enemy soldiers are the sick or wounded inside these hospitals or medical areas. (2) Described the effect on this protected status if these hospitals or medical areas are being used for military purposes. 181-105-1001 3-27 Performance Measures GO NO GO k. Described what may constitute an illegal trick or method or treacherous act under the Law of War in regards to permissible targets. l. Described why illegal tricks or methods or treacherous acts are prohibited. m. Described the legality of incidental damage to surrounding buildings during an attack on a legitimate target. 5. Described the Customary Law of War and Hague Regulation prohibitions on the use of certain types of —— —— weapons. a. Described the Hague Regulation prohibitions against the employment of arms, material, or projectiles designated to cause unnecessary suffering. b. Described the possibility of a soldier violating the Law of War by using an issued weapon in an illegal manner. c. Described the Hague Regulation prohibitions on the use, in war, of poison or poisoned weapons against human beings. d. Described the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibition regarding the use, in war, of asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases, and bacteriological methods of warfare. e. Described the 1925 Geneva Protocol ban on the use of chemical weapons in war. (1) Described the U.S. prohibition on the first use of chemical weapons in war. (2) Described the U.S. reservation to use chemical weapons against a state if that state fails to respect the Geneva Protocol ban on the use of chemical weapons. (3) Defined a lethal chemical agent and described how this Geneva Protocol applies to a lethal chemical agent. (4) Defined what constitutes an incapacitating chemical agent and described how this Geneva Protocol applies to an incapacitating chemical agent. 3-28 181-105-1001 Performance Measures GO NO GO (5) Described the U.S. position that the Geneva Protocol does not prohibit the use of either chemical herbicides or riot-control agents in war. (a) Described the U.S. unilateral renouncement of first use of herbicides in war and exception to this policy. (b) Described the U.S. policy regarding first use of riot-control agents in war. (c) Described the requirement for Presidential approval prior to use of herbicides or riot- control agents in armed conflict. (6) Described the U.S. position regarding the initial or retaliatory use of bacteriological methods of warfare. (7) Described the 1925 Geneva Protocol position regarding the use of smoke and incendiary materials in war. (8) Described international law position regarding the use of nuclear weapons by air, sea, or land forces. 6. Described the rules of the Customary Law of War and Geneva Convention of 1949 governing the humane —— —— treatment of noncombatants. a. Defined who constitutes a noncombatant. b. Defined what constitutes humane treatment. c. Described what acts are strictly prohibited against noncombatants. d. Described what constitutes humane treatment of prisoners of war. (1) Described how all captured persons are entitled to be treated as prisoners of war until their actual status is determined. (2) Described the requirement to evacuate all captured or detained persons to a detainee collection point. (3) Described what persons determine a captured or detained person's status. 181-105-1001 3-29 Performance Measures GO NO GO (4) Described the Geneva convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war prohibition on the use of physical force, mental torture, or coercion to obtain information. (5) Described what information the 1949 Geneva Prisoner of War Convention requires a prisoner of war to provide to his captor. (6) Described what actions a captor or detaining power may take against a prisoner of war who refuses to answer questions, and the practical reasons for this policy. (7) Described the required treatment of prisoners of war in regards to— (a) Daily food and living quarters. (b) Medical care. (c) Personal hygiene. (d) Exercise or observance of religious faith. (e) Retention of personal property. (f) Receive and send mail. (g) Having a prisoner’s representative. (h) Maintaining a chain of command. (i) Requirement to work. (8) Described a prisoner of war responsibility to obey lawful camp rules and disciplinary actions that may be taken against the prisoner of war for violation of these rules. e. Described what constitutes the humane treatment of the wounded and sick. (1) Described the applicability of Article 14 of the Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in the armed forces in the field and what it provides regarding the prisoner of war status of wounded and sick of a belligerent who falls into enemy hands. (2) Described what Article 12 of the Geneva Wounded and Sick Convention provides regarding protection and treatment of members of the armed forces who are wounded or sick. 3-30 181-105-1001 Performance Measures GO NO GO (3) Described the requirement to leave medical personnel and material behind to care for wounded and sick. (4) Described the protections afforded medical personnel. (a) Described how these protections apply to military medics. (b) Described how these protections apply to medical staff exclusively engaged in the administration of medical units and establishments. (c) Described how these protections apply to chaplains attached to the armed forces. (d) Described how these protections apply to staff of national Red Cross societies and other voluntary aid organizations. (5) Described the status of captured full-time medical personnel as prisoners of war or retained personnel. (a) Described the right of retained medical personnel to perform medical duties. (b) Described the right and time limitation of the detaining power to retain full-time medical personnel under the wounded and sick Geneva Convention. (c) Described the requirement and procedures the detaining power must follow to return retained medical personnel to their own side. (d) Described the relationship of the Geneva Convention relative to prisoners of war and retained personnel. (e) Described the requirement of retained personnel to follow the captors’ internal disciplinary system at the camp where they are detained. (6) Described the status and protection afforded members of the armed forces specially trained for employment as hospital orderlies, nurses, or auxiliary stretcher bearers. (a) Described these individuals’ status as prisoners of war versus retained personnel. 181-105-1001 3-31 Performance Measures GO NO GO (b) Described these individuals' rights regarding return to their own side. (c) Described these individuals' rights regarding work or duties while in the prisoner of war camp. (7) Described the status and protections afforded members of recognized aid societies of neutral countries that lend assistance of their medical personnel and units to a party to the conflict. (a) Describe what consent, authorization, and control mechanisms are required in order for these individuals to assist a party to the conflict. (b) Described what notification requirements are necessary in order for these individuals to assist a party to the conflict. (c) Described the captor's right to detain these individuals and the requirement to return them to their own side. (d) Described what work these individuals may perform while detained. (8) Described the protected status of medical property, material, and equipment under the Geneva Wounded and Sick Convention. (a) Described the circumstances under which fixed medical establishments and mobile units of the medical service may be attacked. (b) Described the duty to ensure medical establishments and units are not situated near military objectives. (c) Described the relationship between protections afforded medical establishments and incidental damage, injury, or death to patients or personnel. (d) Described the possible loss of its protected status if fixed medical establishments and mobile units are used to commit acts harmful to the enemy. 3-32 181-105-1001 Performance Measures GO NO GO (e) Described the requirement for the enemy to warn the medical establishment prior to the loss of its protected status. (f) Described that only after the enemy provides such warning, and the warning remains unheeded, will protection of the medical establishment lapse. (g) Described circumstances that do not deprive a medical unit or establishment of its protection. (h) Described whether medical personnel being armed and using those arms to defend themselves and the sick and wounded deprive the medical unit or establishment of its protection. (i) Described whether the medical unit or establishment being protected by a picket, sentries, or an escort in the absence of armed orderlies deprives the medical unit or establishment of its protection. (j) Described whether the discovery of small arms and ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not yet turned over to the proper service on the medical unit or establishment deprives the medical unit or establishment of its protection. (k) Described whether personnel from the medical unit or establishment providing humanitarian care to the civilian wounded or sick deprive the medical unit or establishment of its protection. (l) Described the provisions of the Geneva Wounded and Sick Convention regarding the establishment of hospital zones and localities in order to shield the wounded and sick from the impact of war. (m) Described the enemy's obligation to restore medical buildings to the other side and the ownership of captured medical material, stores, and equipment. (n) Described the authority of a commander to use medical buildings for other than medical purposes, in cases of urgent military necessity. (o) Described the private property status and the right of requisition of real and personal property of aid societies. 181-105-1001 3-33 Performance Measures GO NO GO (p) Described the protected status of medical aircraft. (q) Defined what constitutes a medical aircraft. (r) Described the requirement for medical aircraft to fly at heights, times, and on routes specifically agreed upon between the conflicting parties. (s) Described the required protective markings that must be displayed on medical aircraft. (t) Described the prohibition against medical aircraft flying over enemy territory or enemy-occupied territory. (u) Described the requirement for medical aircraft to land, upon request from the enemy. (v) Described the right of medical aircraft to continue their flight after examination from the enemy. (w) Described the prisoner of war status of the wounded and sick and the aircraft crew captured by the enemy after an involuntary landing of the medical aircraft because of mechanical failure or inclement weather. (x) Described the emblem or distinctive sign of the medical service of an armed force. (y) Described what other medical service emblems are recognized by the Geneva Convention. (z) Described whether the Star of David, used by the State of Israel, is specifically recognized by the Geneva Convention. (aa) Described under what direction and where these medical service emblems must be displayed. (ab) Described what medical service emblems medical personnel are required to wear and where these emblems should be displayed. (ac) Described the requirement for medical personnel to carry a special identity card bearing the medical emblem. 3-34 181-105-1001 Performance Measures GO NO GO (ad) Described the circumstances under which medical personnel may be deprived of their insignia, identity cards, or the right to wear the armlet. (ae) Described the right of medical personnel to receive duplicate identity cards or replace insignia if lost. (af) Described the medical service emblems that auxiliary stretcher bearers must wear and when they must wear these emblems. (ag) Described what information must be specified on the military identity documents of auxiliary stretcher bearers. (ah) Described what flag may be flown over medical units and establishments. (ai) Described what flags may be flown over captured medical units. (aj) Described the requirement for distinctive emblems indicating medical units and establishments to be clearly visible to the enemy land, air, or naval forces. (ak) Described what flags may be flown over medical units belonging to aid societies of neutral countries assisting a party to the conflict. f. Described what constitutes the humane treatment of civilians. (1) Described what rights and protections are afforded the civilian population of the country in conflict under Article 27 of the Geneva Convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war. (2) Described the rights of civilians to be protected against all acts or threats of violence and against insults and public curiosity. (3) Described the rights of civilian women to be protected against attack, enforced prostitution, rape, and other forms of sexual assault. (4) Described the right of an occupying force to enforce control and security measures and how commanders must ensure that all persons are treated humanely while enforcing control and security measures. 181-105-1001 3-35 Performance Measures GO NO GO (5) Described the right of civilians not to be subjected to medical or scientific experiments, nor made the object of collective penalties or reprisals, or held hostage. (6) Described the right of civilians to have their property protected from pillage or looting. (7) Described the right of the occupying power to establish laws and try and punish civilians for violation of these occupation laws. 7. Described the responsibility of U.S. soldiers to obey the Law of War. —— —— a. Described how U.S. soldiers are bound to obey all the rules of the Customary Law of War and the Hague and Geneva conventions. b. Described how U.S. soldiers may be court- martialed for violating these rules. c. Described how U.S. soldiers may also be prosecuted for committing a war crime. d. Defined a grave breach of the Law of War. (1) Described what criminal offenses may constitute a grave breach. (2) Described what disciplinary actions may be taken against U.S. soldiers who commit a grave breach. (3) Described the statute of limitations on the prosecution of a war crime. (4) Described the responsibilities of the United States, as a signatory of the Geneva Conventions, regarding a person who commits a grave breach. e. Described the responsibility of the commander in regards to violations of the Law of War. (1) Described how the legal responsibility for the commission of a war crime can be placed on the commander as well as the subordinate who actually commits the war crime. (2) Described the circumstances under which a commander may be prosecuted for the commission of a war crime. 3-36 181-105-1001 Performance Measures GO NO GO f. Described a criminal order and a soldier's responsibility toward a criminal order. (1) Described the applicability of a soldier asserting the defense of "obeying a superior order" for the commission of a war crime. (2) Described whether a subordinate soldier, who actually commits a war crime, is excused from prosecution if the commander is charged with the commission of the war crime. (3) Described the responsibility of a soldier to disobey any order that requires the soldier to commit criminal acts in violation of the Law of War. (4) Described the responsibility of a soldier to obey the rules of engagement and the potential consequences for violating the rules of engagement. (5) Described the responsibility of the soldier to ask a superior for clarification of an order presumed to be criminal or illegal. g. Described a soldier's obligation to report violations of the Law of War. (1) Described the requirement of a soldier to inform the chain of command of known or suspected violations of the Law of War. (2) Described what other avenues or agencies are available for the soldier to report known or suspected violations of the Law of War. (3) Described when soldiers should notify their chain of command or alternative agencies of known or suspected violations of the Law of War. Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show the soldier what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 27-10 181-105-1001 3-37 224-176-1425 Interact with News Media Conditions: In a field, military operations in urban terrain (MOUT) or garrison environment interact with news media when no public affairs practitioners are present. Standards: Identified the principles of interacting with the media. Performance Steps 1. Role of the individual when interacting with the media. a. Check identification or press credentials. If identification or press credentials are produced, continue with interview. If no identification or press credentials are produced, refer the individual to your chain of command or public affairs representative. b. Recognize your rights. (1) You don't have to speak to the media. (2) You don't have to answer all the questions. (3) You control the length of the interview. c. Maintain operational security (OPSEC). Do not discuss classified information. 2. Guidelines for speaking with the media. a. Think before you answer. b. Tell the truth. You should not lie or intentionally mislead members of the media. c. Discuss only things that you have direct responsibility for or have personal knowledge about. Speak at your level. You should discuss only matters for which you have direct knowledge. d. Don't answer speculative (what if) or hypothetical questions. e. Avoid jargon, acronyms, slang and technical terms. f. Answer the question with which you are most comfortable when asked multiple questions. g. Keep remarks brief and concise. h. Assume everything you say may be printed or broadcast. i. Use "I" not "we" when stating your opinion. j. If you don't know the answer to a question or cannot discuss it for any reason, say so. Avoid using "no comment". 3. Inform the chain of command of interaction with the media. Evaluation Preparation: 3-38 224-176-1425 Setup: Provide soldier with a realistic scenario of a simulated media interview situation. Use mock press credentials when necessary. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier he is about to be interviewed by the media. No public affairs representatives are present. Evaluate soldier on his ability to interact with the media. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Checked media representative for identification or credentials. —— —— 2. Stated three recognized rights. —— —— 3. Maintained OPSEC throughout the interview. —— —— 4. Discussed subject areas related to direct responsibility and personal knowledge. —— —— 5. Stated answers while avoiding speculation. —— —— 6. Performed interview without use of jargon, acronyms, slang or technical terms. —— —— 7. Employed concise remarks. —— —— 8. Ensured no "off-the-record" comments were made. —— —— 9. Stated answers, avoiding "no comment" response. —— —— 10. Informed chain of command of interaction with media. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if 70 percent or more of the performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if less than 70 percent of the measures are passed. If the soldier scores NO GO on any performance measure, show or tell him what was wrong and how to perform the measure correctly. References Required Related AR 360-1 FM 46-1 331-202-1049 Comply with the Requirements of the Code of Conduct Conditions: Given a Survival, Evasion, Resistance or Escape (SERE) situation or a captivity environment. 331-202-1049 3-39 Standards: Acted in accordance with the standards represented in Articles l through VI of the Code of Conduct. Performance Steps 1. Comply with Article I: I am an American, fighting in the forces which guard my country and our way of life. I am prepared to give my life in their defense. Explanation. The code apples to all service members at all times, whether in active combat, in captivity, or in peacetime as a result of hostage situations and terrorist activities. Members of the Armed Forces have a duty to support U.S. interests and oppose U.S. enemies regardless of the circumstances. 2. Comply with Article II: I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist. Explanation. Members of the Armed Forces may never surrender voluntarily. A soldier’s duty is to avoid capture and return to friendly forces even when isolated, and no longer able to inflict casualties on the enemy or otherwise defend themselves. The means to evade is considered exhausted when escape is impossible. The means to resist is considered exhausted when further fighting would lead to the soldier’s death with no significant loss to the enemy. 3. Comply with Article III: If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and aid others to escape. I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy. Explanation. Members of the Armed Forces must understand that a captive situation is to be considered an extension of the battlefield and the enemy has used a variety of tactics to exploit prisoners of war in disregard of the Geneva Convention of 1949 Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. These efforts have included physical and mental harassment, general mistreatment and torture, medical neglect, and political indoctrination. The duty of a member of the Armed Forces to continue resistance to enemy exploitation by all means available is not lessened by the misfortune of capture. 3-40 331-202-1049 Performance Steps 4. Comply with Article IV: If I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give no information or take part in any action which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and will back them up in every way. Explanation. Officers and noncommissioned officers will continue to carry out their responsibilities and to exercise their authority in captivity. Informing on fellow prisoners of war (PWs) is forbidden. PWs must especially avoid helping the enemy to identify fellow PWs who have information that is of value to the enemy. These PWs may be made to suffer coercive interrogation because of their knowledge. 5. Comply with Article V: When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies or harmful to their cause. Explanation. When questioned a PW is required by the Geneva Conventions and the Code of Conduct, E.O. 10631 and is permitted by the UCMJ to give name, rank, service number and date of birth. Under the Geneva Conventions the enemy has no right to try to force a PW to provide any additional information. However, it is unrealistic to expect a PW to remain confined for years reciting only name, rank, service number and date of birth. There are many PW camp situations in which certain types of conversation with the enemy are permitted. For example, a PW is allowed, but not required by the Code of Conduct, the UCMJ or the Geneva Conventions to fill out a Geneva Conventions “capture card,” to write letters home, and to communicate with captors on matters of health and welfare. 6. Comply with Article VI: I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and in the United States of America. Explanation. A member of the Armed Forces remains responsible for personal actions at all times. Article VI is designed to assist members of the Armed Forces to fulfill their responsibilities and survive captivity with honor. The Code of Conduct, E.O. 10631, does not conflict with the UCMJ, and the latter continues to apply to each military member during captivity or other hostile detention. Soldiers, whether detainees or captives, can be assured the U.S. Government will make every effort to obtain their earliest release. Faith in one’s country and its way of life, faith in fellow detainees or captives, and faith in one’s self are critical to surviving with honor and resisting exploitation. 331-202-1049 3-41 Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Develop an exercise scenario based on wartime mission requirements (including geographical areas of deployment). The scenario should reflect enemy doctrine, capabilities, vulnerabilities, political and cultural aspects and PW management procedures. Develop a control plan, which incorporates the risk assessment and instructions for controlling and evaluating the player unit. Develop and design the intelligence information to be coordinated, synchronized and released to bring the play on the intended path. Test the soldier on his ability to apply elements of the Code of Conduct in a SERE situation or a captivity environment during the survival/evasion portion of the local Major Army Command battalion, company, or platoon field training exercise (FTX). Maximum combat realism should be applied to tactical exercises consistent with good safety practices. The use of PW compounds and resistance training laboratories by other than USAJFKSWCS to teach Code of Conduct and SERE training is prohibited in accordance with AR 350-30. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier the Code of Conduct provides him with a set of guiding principles, moral obligations and professional ethics to survive and return home with honor from a SERE environment and is not to be interpreted as a set of inflexible laws. Tell the soldier he is required to comply with the guidelines in the Code of Conduct and in FM 3-05.71, Resistance and Escape, chapters 2 and 13. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Complied with Article l of the Code of Conduct. —— —— 2. Complied with Article II of the Code of Conduct. —— —— 3. Complied with Article III of the Code of Conduct. —— —— 4. Complied with Article IV of the Code of Conduct. —— —— 5. Complied with Article V of the Code of Conduct. —— —— 6. Complied with Article VI of the Code of Conduct. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Conduct an exercise after action review to allow training participants to discover what happened, why it happened and how it can be done better. Once all key points have been discussed and linked to future training, the evaluator will make the appropriate notes for inclusion into the score. Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier fails, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. 3-42 331-202-1049 References Required Related AR 350-30 AR 350-41 DODD 1300.7 FM 3-05.71 805C-PAD-1245 Support Unit and Family Readiness Through the Army Family Team Building (AFTB) Program Conditions: You are a soldier in the U. S. Army. You have access to AR 27-3, AR 600-20; AR 608-1, AR 608-18; AR 608-99, DA Pam 360-525; DA Pam 608-47; DA Cir 608-95, DA Form 5304-R, Family Care Counseling Checklist; DA Form 5305-R, Family Care Plan; and DD Form 93, Record of Emergency Data. As an individual or member of a unit, you may deploy on short notice for an indefinite time to support Army missions worldwide. Standards: Your family was prepared for your separation during deployments and aware of unit and installation programs that could provide assistance. Performance Steps 1. Prepare your family to take care of day-to-day business and challenges they may face during your separation. a. Take positive and proactive steps to prepare your family for your possible separation. (1) Enroll your spouse in the local installation Army Family Team Building Course. (2) Develop a family readiness checklist. b. Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands and has access to current personal records. (1) Maintain a current DA Form 5304-R. (2) Maintain a current DD Form 93. (3) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to a valid special power of attorney. (4) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to a valid general power of attorney. (5) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to current family member ID cards and ID tags. 805C-PAD-1245 3-43 Performance Steps (6) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to valid passports (when appropriate). (7) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to copies of all social security cards and records. (8) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to a copy of other records, documents and papers (household goods or property inventory papers). (9) Complete all pending administrative actions. (10) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian is well versed on all of your personal affairs. c. Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to medical and dental records and understands medical requirements. (1) Ensure your family members are enrolled in TRICARE and that your spouse or designated guardian understands how to access medical care. (2) Ensure your family members are enrolled in the Army's dental plan and that your spouse or designated guardian understands how to access dental care. (3) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to current family member immunization records. (4) Ensure family members with special needs are enrolled in the Exceptional Family Members Program (EFMP). (5) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian is well versed on all medical requirements. d. Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to and understands current legal affairs and business plans. (1) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to and understands family member birth certificates. (2) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to your current marriage certificate. (3) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to any divorce papers. (4) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to current life insurance policies and medical policies. (5) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to current and valid real estate documents: deeds, titles, mortgages, tax receipts, insurance policies, and leases. 3-44 805C-PAD-1245 Performance Steps (6) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to automobile titles, registrations, insurance policies, liens, and payment books. (7) Ensure your spouse or legal guardian has a valid driver's license or arrangements have been made for transportation of a spouse who does not drive or own an automobile. (8) Ensure your spouse, designated guardian, business associates, or partners are aware of your role in the military and the possibility of being mobilized. (9) Consult with your private attorney regarding how your business affairs should be handled during your absence. (10) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian is well versed on all of your legal and business affairs. e. Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to and understands current financial affairs. (1) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands the Army pay system and can read and understand your leave and earning statement (LES). (2) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands your benefits, entitlements, and compensations. (3) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian is well versed on survivor benefits and assistance. (4) Ensure your spouse has proper authorization to write checks and access your bank account(s). (5) Ensure any allotments to provide support to family members have been initiated and are adequate to provide support. (6) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian has access to all federal and state income tax, real estate, and personal property tax records. (7) Inform your spouse or designated guardian of any stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. (8) Inform your spouse or designated guardian of any outstanding legal debts or contracts such as credit cards, installment contracts, mortgages, leases, and bills of sale. 2. Ensure your spouse is aware of unit and installation programs that can provide assistance during separation. a. Ensure your spouse or designated guardian is knowledgeable of all the unit programs available to provide assistance in your absence. 805C-PAD-1245 3-45 Performance Steps (1) Attend, with your spouse or designated guardian when possible, unit pre-deployment briefings. (2) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian is knowledgeable of the unit rear detachment command. (a) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands the duties and responsibilities of the unit rear detachment. (b) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands how to contact the unit rear detachment officer/NCO. (3) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian is knowledgeable of the unit family support group and participates in its activities when possible. (a) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands the role of the family support group in providing support to family members during unit deployments. (b) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands the relationships among the family support group, unit rear detachment, and installation support activities. (c) Ensure your spouse or designated guardian understands how to contact the family support group coordinator for your unit. (d) Encourage your spouse to participate in family support group activities both prior to deployment and after deployment. b. Ensure your spouse or designated guardian knows how to obtain assistance from installation activities and programs (or community activities and programs for Reserve Component soldiers) available to provide assistance in your absence. (1) Financial counseling: Army Community Service (ACS), local legal aid center, or other local programs. (2) Marital counseling: Chaplain/pastor or community mental health service. (3) Drug or alcohol abuse: Community Counseling Center (CCC), Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Program (ADAPCP), Alcoholics Anonymous, or other local programs. (4) Mental health: Community mental health service, hospital, local Public Health Service, or local professional counselors. (5) Spiritual guidance: Installation chapel or local church. (6) Death and illness notification: Red Cross. (7) Stress management: ACS, or other local programs. 3-46 805C-PAD-1245 Performance Steps (8) Family abuse: ACS, community mental health service, hospital, chaplain, local department of social services or other local programs. (9) Legal Assistance: Army Emergency Relief (AER), ACS loan closet/food locker, Salvation Army, or other local programs. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate soldier on his knowledge of support activities available for family members during separations or emergencies and actions that he should accomplish prior to a separation or emergency to ensure family readiness. Give the soldier a scenario that directs his deployment and will provide information necessary to have soldier identify support activities and actions that he should take to ensure family readiness. Have paper, pencil, and installation telephone book available. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier that he will be evaluated on his ability to identify support activities and personal actions that should be completed prior to deployments to ensure his family is prepared for separation or emergencies. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Prepared his family to take care of day-to-day business and challenges they may face during a —— —— separation. a. Took positive and proactive steps to prepare his family for separation. (1) Enrolled spouse in the local installation Army Family Team Building Course. (2) Developed a family readiness checklist. b. Ensured his spouse or designated guardian had access to and understood current personal records. (1) Maintained a current family care plan (when appropriate). (2) Ensured his spouse or designated guardian had access to valid general and/or special powers of attorney. c. Ensured his spouse or designated guardian had access to medical and dental records and understood medical requirements. 805C-PAD-1245 3-47 Performance Measures GO NO GO d. Ensured his spouse or designated guardian had access to and understood current legal affairs and business plans. e. Ensured his spouse or designated guardian had access to and understood current financial affairs. (1) Ensured his spouse or designated guardian was well versed on survivor benefits and assistance. (2) Ensured his spouse had proper authorization to write checks and access bank account(s). (3) Ensured any allotments to provide support to family members were initiated and adequate to provide support. 2. Ensured his family was aware of unit and installation programs that can provide assistance during —— —— separations. a. Ensured his spouse or designated guardian was knowledgeable of the unit programs available to provide assistance in his absence. (1) Attended, with his spouse or designated guardian, when possible, unit pre-deployment briefings. (2) Ensured his spouse or designated guardian was knowledgeable of the Unit Rear Detachment Command. (3) Ensured his spouse or designated guardian was knowledgeable of the unit family support group and that they participate in its activities when possible. b. Ensured his spouse or designated guardian knew how to obtain assistance from installation activities and programs (or community activities and programs for Reserve Component soldiers) to provide assistance in his absence. Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO on performance measures passed. Score the soldier NO GO on any performance measure not completed or identified. The soldier must receive a GO on all the performance measures to receive a GO on this task. If the soldier receives a NO GO, show him the performance measures he missed. Required Related DA Form 5304-R AR 27-3 3-48 805C-PAD-1245 Required Related DA Form 5305-R AR 600-20 AR 600-8-1 AR 608-18 AR 608-99 Users Guide-AFTB 805C-PAD-1391 Comply With the Army's Equal Opportunity and Sexual Harassment Policies Conditions: You are a soldier in the U. S. Army. The soldiers with which you serve are both male and female, and represent different races, colors, religions, and national origins. You have access to AR 600-20 and AR 670- 1. You have received training on the Army's equal opportunity (EO) and sexual harassment policies. Standards: Complied with the Army's EO and sexual harassment policies. Acted in accordance with the Army's EO and sexual harassment policies, took actions to maintain an environment free from unlawful discrimination and sexual harassment, and reported behaviors that violate the EO and sexual harassment policies. Performance Steps 1. Treat others with dignity and respect. a. Demonstrate Army Values associated with equal opportunity. (1) Display unquestionable loyalty. (2) Follow your higher duty to the Army and the nation. (3) Treat people as they should be treated. (4) Live up to all the Army values. b. Conform to the Army's EO and sexual harassment policies. (1) Do not make racial or sexual comments and/or gestures. (2) Do not make national origin or religious comments, jokes, slurs. (3) Do not display racist or sexually offensive visual materials. (4) Do not make unsolicited and unwelcome sexual contact with fellow soldiers. (5) Do not stereotype fellow soldiers or make assumptions about their cultural background, race, religion, or beliefs. (6) Do not use profanity or sexually oriented language. 805C-PAD-1391 3-49 Performance Steps (7) Do not discount the religious beliefs of fellow soldiers. c. Avoid belonging to extremist organizations or participating in extremist activities. d. Avoid engaging in intimate personal relationships with soldiers of different ranks that could disrupt unit cohesion. 2. Take personal actions to keep your unit free from unlawful discrimination and sexual harassment. a. Promote EO and interpersonal harmony. (1) Interact with soldiers of different races and genders. (2) Respect the cultural background of fellow soldiers. (3) Advocate fair treatment for all soldiers. (4) Recognize and respect fellow soldiers' individual needs, aspirations, and capabilities. (5) Communicate openly and honestly with fellow soldiers. b. Make on-the-spot corrections of fellow soldiers whose behaviors are contrary to Army EO and sexual harassment policies. (1) Correct soldiers using racial or sexually harassing nonverbal gestures. (2) Correct soldiers using racial or sexually harassing verbal comments. (3) Correct soldiers displaying racial or sexually harassing visual materials. (4) Correct soldiers who physically contact other soldiers in a sexual manner. c. Follow recommended techniques for dealing with sexual harassment. 3. Report behaviors that violate the Army's EO and sexual harassment policies. a. Report to the chain of command. b. Report to alternative agencies. c. File an EO or sexual harassment complaint. d. Report intimidation, harassment, or reprisal for making a complaint. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: This task can be tested in an administrative or field environment. Give the soldier a scenario that provides sufficient information to evaluate 3-50 805C-PAD-1391 his knowledge of the Army's EO and sexual harassment polices, prohibited acts, and actions that should be taken if a violation occurs. Brief Soldier: Inform soldier that he will be tested on his knowledge of the Army's EO and sexual harassment polices, prohibited acts, and actions that should be taken if a violation occurs. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Treated others with dignity and respect. —— —— a. Demonstrated Army values associated with EO. (1) Displayed unquestionable loyalty. (2) Followed higher duty to the Army and the nation. (3) Treated people as they should be treated. (4) Lived up to all the Army values. b. Conformed to the Army's EO and sexual harassment policies. (1) Avoided making racial or sexual comments and/or gestures. (2) Avoided making national origin or religious comments, jokes or slurs. (3) Avoided displaying racial or sexually offensive visual materials. (4) Avoided making unsolicited and unwelcome sexual contact with fellow soldiers. (5) Avoided stereotyping fellow soldiers or making assumptions about their cultural background, race, religion, or beliefs. (6) Avoided using profanity or sexually oriented language. (7) Avoided discounting the religious beliefs of fellow soldiers. c. Avoided belonging to extremist organizations or participating in extremist activities. d. Avoided engaging in intimate personal relationships with soldiers of different ranks that could disrupt unit cohesion. 2. Personally acted to keep the unit free from unlawful discrimination and sexual harassment. —— —— 805C-PAD-1391 3-51 Performance Measures GO NO GO a. Promoted EO and interpersonal harmony. b. Made on-the-spot corrections of fellow soldiers whose behaviors were contrary to Army EO and sexual harassment policies. c. Followed recommended techniques for dealing with sexual harassment. 3. Reported behaviors that violated the Army's EO and sexual harassment policies. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO for each performance measure passed. Score the soldier NO GO for each performance measure failed. Soldier must receive a GO on all performance measures to receive a GO for the task. If the soldier receives a NO GO, show him what he did wrong. References Required Related AR 600-13 AR 670-1 AR 600-20 DA PAM 350-20 DA PAM 600-26 DODDIR 7050.6 MANUAL-MCM TC 26-6 SUBJECT AREA 2: FIRST AID 081-831-1000 Evaluate a Casualty Conditions: You have a casualty who has signs and/or symptoms of an injury. Standards: Evaluated the casualty following the correct sequence. All injuries and/or conditions were identified. The casualty was immobilized if a neck or back injury was suspected. 3-52 081-831-1000 Performance Steps Note. When evaluating and/or treating a casualty, seek medical aid as soon as possible. Do not stop treatment, but, if the situation allows, send another person to find medical aid. WARNING If there are signs of chemical or biological agent poisoning, immediately mask the casualty. If it is not nerve agent poisoning, decontaminate exposed skin and gross contamination (large wet or oily spots) of the clothing or overgarments. If nerve agent poisoning, administer the antidote before decontamination. (See Task 081-831-1044.) WARNING If a broken neck or back is suspected, do not move the casualty unless to save his life. 1. Check for responsiveness. a. Ask in a loud, but calm voice, "Are you okay?" b. Gently shake or tap the casualty on the shoulder. c. Watch for a response. If the casualty does not respond, go to step 2. d. If the casualty is conscious, ask where he feels different than usual or where it hurts. Go to step 3. If the casualty is conscious but is choking and cannot talk, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081- 831-1003.) 2. Check for breathing. a. Look for rise and fall of the casualty's chest. b. Listen for breathing by placing your ear about one inch above the casualty's mouth and nose. c. Feel for breathing by placing your hand or cheek about 1 inch above the casualty's mouth and nose. If the casualty is not breathing, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1042.) Note. Check for pulse during mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, as necessary. 3. Check for bleeding. WARNING In a chemically contaminated area, do not expose the wound(s). a. Look for spurts of blood or blood-soaked clothes. 081-831-1000 3-53 Performance Steps b. Look for entry and exit wounds. c. If bleeding is present, stop the evaluation and begin treatment as appropriate. (1) Arm or leg wound. (See Task 081-831-1032.) (2) Partial or complete amputation. (See Task 081-831-1032.) (3) Open head wound. (See Task 081-831-1033.) (4) Open abdominal wound. (See Task 081-831-1025.) (5) Open chest wound. (See Task 081-831-1026.) 4. Check for shock. a. Look for any of the following signs and/or symptoms. (1) Sweaty but cool skin (clammy skin). (2) Paleness of skin. (3) Restlessness or nervousness. (4) Thirst. (5) Loss of blood (bleeding). (6) Confusion. (7) Faster than normal breathing rate. (8) Blotchy or bluish skin, especially around the mouth. (9) Nausea and/or vomiting. b. If signs or symptoms of shock are present, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1005.) WARNING Leg fractures must be splinted before elevating the legs for shock. (See Task 081-831-1034.) 5. Check for fractures. a. Look for the following signs and symptoms of a back or neck injury: (1) Pain or tenderness of the neck or back area. (2) Cuts or bruises in the neck and back area. (3) Inability of the casualty to move (paralysis or numbness). (a) Ask about the ability to move (paralysis). (b) Touch the casualty's arms and legs; ask whether he can feel your hand (numbness). (4) Unusual body or limb position. 3-54 081-831-1000 Performance Steps WARNING Unless there is immediate life-threatening danger, do not move a casualty whom you suspect has a back or neck injury. b. Immobilize any casualty suspected of having a neck or back injury by doing the following: (1) Tell the casualty not to move. (2) If a back injury is suspected, place padding under the natural arch of the casualty's back. (3) If a neck injury is suspected, place a roll of cloth under the casualty's neck and put boots (filled with dirt, sand, etc.) or rocks on both sides of the head. c. Check the casualty's arms and legs for open or closed fractures. (1) Check for open fractures. (a) Look for bleeding. (b) Look for bone sticking through the skin. (2) Check for closed fractures. (a) Look for swelling. (b) Look for discoloration. (c) Look for deformity. (d) Look for unusual body position. d. If a fracture to an arm or leg is suspected, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1034.) 6. Check for burns. a. Look carefully for reddened, blistered, or charred skin. Also check for singed clothes. b. If burns are found, stop the evaluation and begin treatment. (See Task 081-831-1007.) 7. Check for head injury. a. Look for the following signs and symptoms: (1) Unequal pupils. (2) Fluid from the ear(s), nose, mouth, or injury site. (3) Slurred speech. (4) Confusion. (5) Sleepiness. 081-831-1000 3-55 Performance Steps (6) Loss of memory or consciousness. (7) Staggering in walking. (8) Headache. (9) Dizziness. (10) Vomiting. (11) Paralysis. (12) Convulsions or twitches. b. If a head injury is suspected, continue to watch for signs that would require mouth-to-mouth resuscitation (see Task 081-831-1042), treatment for shock (see Task 081-831-1005), or control of bleeding (see Task 081- 831-1033). 8. Seek medical aid. Seek medical assistance as soon as possible, but do not interrupt treatment. If possible, send another person to find medical aid. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Prepare a "casualty" for the soldier to evaluate by simulating one or more wounds or conditions. Simulate the wounds using a war wounds moulage set, casualty simulation kit, or other available materials. You can coach a "conscious casualty" to show signs of such conditions as shock or head injury and to respond to the soldier's questions about location of pain or other symptoms of injury. However, you will have to cue the soldier during evaluation of an "unconscious casualty" as to whether the casualty is breathing and describe the signs or conditions, such as shock, as the soldier is making the checks. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to do, in order, all necessary steps to evaluate the casualty and identify all wounds and/or conditions. Tell the soldier to tell you what first aid action (give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, bandage the wound, etc.) he would take, but that no first aid is to be performed unless a neck or back injury is found. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Checked for responsiveness. —— —— 2. Checked for breathing, if necessary. —— —— 3. Checked for bleeding. —— —— 4. Checked for shock. —— —— 3-56 081-831-1000 Performance Measures GO NO GO 5. Checked for fractures and immobilized neck or back injuries, if found. —— —— 6. Checked for burns. —— —— 7. Checked for a head injury. —— —— 8. Sought medical aid. —— —— 9. Performed all necessary steps in sequence. —— —— 10. Identified all wounds and/or conditions. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1003 Perform First Aid to Clear an Object Stuck in the Throat of a Conscious Casualty Conditions: You see a conscious casualty who is having a hard time breathing because something is stuck in his throat. Standards: Cleared the object from the casualty's throat. Gave abdominal or chest thrusts until the casualty could talk and breathe normally, the soldier was relieved by a qualified person, or the casualty became unconscious requiring mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Performance Steps 1. Determine if the casualty needs help. a. If the casualty has good air exchange (able to speak or cough forcefully—may be wheezing between coughs), do not interfere except to encourage the casualty. b. If the casualty has poor air exchange (weak coughing with high- pitched noise between coughs and signs of shock), continue with step 2. 081-831-1003 3-57 Performance Steps c. If the casualty has a complete airway obstruction (cannot speak, breathe, or cough at all and may be clutching his neck and moving erratically), continue with step 2. 2. Perform abdominal or chest thrusts. Note. Abdominal thrusts should be used unless the victim is in the advanced stages of pregnancy, is very obese, or has a significant abdominal wound. a. Abdominal thrusts. (1) Stand behind the casualty. (2) Wrap your arms around the casualty's waist. (3) Make a fist with one hand. (4) Place the thumb side of the fist against the abdomen slightly above the navel and well below the tip of the breastbone. (5) Grasp the fist with the other hand. (6) Give quick backward and upward thrusts. Note. Each thrust should be a separate, distinct movement. Thrusts should be continued until the obstruction is expelled or the casualty becomes unconscious. b. Chest thrusts. (1) Stand behind the casualty. (2) Wrap your arms under the casualty's armpits and around the chest. (3) Make a fist with one hand. (4) Place the thumb side of the fist on the middle of the breastbone. (5) Grasp the fist with the other hand. (6) Give backward thrusts. Note. Each thrust should be performed slowly and distinctly, and with the intent of relieving the obstruction. 3. Continue to give abdominal or chest thrusts as required. Give abdominal or chest thrusts until the obstruction is clear, you are relieved by a qualified person, or the casualty becomes unconscious. Note. If the casualty becomes unconscious, perform a finger sweep and then start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation procedures. Note. If the obstruction is cleared, watch the casualty closely and check for other injuries if necessary. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: You need another soldier to play the part of the casualty. 3-58 081-831-1003 Brief Soldier: Describe the symptoms of a casualty with good air exchange, poor air exchange, or a complete airway obstruction. Ask the soldier what should be done. Score step 1 based on the answer. Tell the soldier to do all of the first aid steps required to clear an object from the casualty's throat. Tell the soldier to demonstrate where to stand, how to position his hands, and how to position the casualty for the thrusts. The soldier must tell you how the thrusts should be done. Ensure that the soldier understands that he must not actually do the thrusts. Do not evaluate step 3 in the simulated mode. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Determined if the casualty needs help. —— —— 2. Performed abdominal or chest thrusts as required. —— —— 3. Continued abdominal or chest thrusts as required. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1005 Perform First Aid to Prevent or Control Shock Conditions: You see a casualty who is breathing. There is no uncontrolled bleeding. The casualty has one or more of the symptoms of shock. Necessary equipment and materials: a field jacket and blanket or poncho. Standards: Attempted to prevent a casualty from going into shock by correctly positioning the casualty, loosening binding clothes, calming and reassuring, and providing shade from direct sunlight during hot weather, or covering to prevent body heat loss during cold weather. Did not cause further injury to the casualty. Performance Steps 1. Position the casualty. a. Move the casualty to cover, if cover is available and the situation permits. 081-831-1005 3-59 Performance Steps b. Lay the casualty on his back unless a sitting position will allow the casualty to breathe easier. c. Elevate the casualty's feet higher than the heart using a stable object so the feet will not fall. WARNING If the casualty has a fractured or broken leg, an abdominal wound, or a head wound, do not elevate the casualty's legs. 2. Loosen clothing at the neck, waist, or anywhere it is binding. WARNING Do not loosen clothing if in a chemical area. 3. Prevent the casualty from chilling or overheating. a. Cover the casualty to avoid loss of body heat and, in cold weather, place cover under as well as over the casualty. Use a blanket or clothing, or improvise a cover. b. Place the casualty under permanent or improvised shelter in hot weather to shade him from direct sunlight. WARNING Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink. 4. Calm and reassure the casualty. a. Take charge and show self-confidence. b. Assure the casualty that he is being taken care of. WARNING If you must leave the casualty, turn his head to the side to prevent choking if vomiting occurs. 5. Seek medical aid. Note. injuries, and seek medical aid. Watch the casualty closely for life-threatening conditions, check for other Evaluation Preparation: Setup: You will need another soldier to play the part of the casualty. Have the casualty lie down. You can have a canteen of water available and have the casualty say that he is thirsty while testing step 3. 3-60 081-831-1005 Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to do all necessary first aid steps to prevent shock. You can vary the test by telling the soldier whether it is hot or cold or that the casualty has a broken leg or abdominal wound to see if the soldier knows what to do. Do not evaluate step 5 in the simulated mode. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Positioned the casualty correctly. —— —— 2. Loosened tight or binding clothes. —— —— 3. Prevented the casualty from chilling or overheating. —— —— 4. Reassured the casualty. —— —— 5. Sought medical aid. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1007 Perform First Aid for Burns Conditions: You see a casualty who is suffering from a burn. Necessary materials and equipment: casualty's first aid packet and canteen of water. Standards: Gave first aid for a burn without causing further injury to the casualty. Eliminated the source of the burn, if necessary. Applied a field dressing lightly over the burn. The sides of the dressing were sealed and the dressing did not slip. Performance Steps 1. Eliminate the source of the burn. a. Thermal burns. If the casualty's clothing is on fire, cover the casualty with a field jacket or any large piece of nonsynthetic material and roll him on the ground to put out the flames. 081-831-1007 3-61 Performance Steps b. Electrical burns. If the casualty is in contact with an electrical source, turn the electricity off if the switch is nearby. If the electricity cannot be turned off, drag the casualty away from the source using any nonconductive material (rope, clothing, or dry wood). WARNING Do not touch the casualty or the electrical source with your bare hands. You will be injured too! WARNING High voltage electrical burns from an electrical source or lightning may cause temporary unconsciousness, difficulties in breathing, or difficulties with the heart (irregular heartbeat). c. Chemical burns. WARNING Blisters caused by a blister agent are actually burns. Do not try to decontaminate skin where blisters have already formed. If blisters have not formed, decontaminate the skin. (1) Remove liquid chemicals from the burned casualty by flushing with as much water or other nonflammable fluid as possible. (2) Remove dry chemicals by carefully brushing them off with a clean, dry cloth. If large amounts of water are available, flush the area. Otherwise, apply no water. (3) Smother burning white phosphorus with water, a wet cloth, or wet mud. Keep the area covered with the wet material. d. Laser burns. Move the casualty away from the source while avoiding eye contact with the beam source. Note. After the casualty is removed from the source of the burn, he should be monitored continually for the development of conditions that may require the performance of basic lifesaving measures. 2. Uncover the burn. WARNING Do not uncover the wound in a chemical environment. Exposure could cause additional harm. 3-62 081-831-1007 Performance Steps a. Cut clothing covering the burned area. WARNING Do not attempt to remove clothing that is stuck to the wound. Additional harm could result. Note. b. Gently lift away clothing covering the burned area. Do not pull clothing over the burns. Note. If the casualty's hand(s) or wrist(s) have been burned, remove jewelry (rings, watches) and place them in his pockets. 3. Apply a field dressing to the burn. Note. If the burn is caused by white phosphorus, the dressing must be wet. a. Apply the dressing, white side down, directly over the wound. b. Wrap the tails so that the dressing is covered and both sides are sealed. c. Tie the tails into a nonslip knot over the outer edge of the dressing, not over the wound. d. Check to make sure that the dressing is applied lightly over the burn but firmly enough to prevent slipping. Note. Electricity often leaves entry and exit burns. Both burns should be treated. 4. Observe precautions to avoid further injury. a. Do not break blisters. b. Do not apply grease or ointments to the burns. c. Do not place dressings over the face or genital area. Note. If the casualty is conscious and not nauseated, give him small amounts of water to drink. Note. Watch the casualty closely for life-threatening conditions, check for other injuries, and seek medical aid. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: You will need another soldier to play the part of the casualty. Simulate the burn(s) by marking the casualty's body with a suitable material. Provide materials appropriate for the burn being simulated (piece of rope, blanket, water, field dressing, or clean cloth). If a field dressing is used, use the same one repeatedly. If an electrical burn is being simulated, have the casualty lie on a piece of wire or rope and have enough materials available to treat two simulated burns. 081-831-1007 3-63 Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier what is burning the casualty and have the soldier take appropriate action. After the soldier completes step 1, tell the soldier that the casualty is conscious and has no injuries other than burns. When testing step 2, you can vary the test by telling the soldier that clothing is stuck to the burn or that a chemical environment exists. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Eliminated the source of the burn. —— —— 2. Uncovered the burn. —— —— 3. Applied a field dressing. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1008 Perform First Aid for Heat Injuries Conditions: You see a casualty who has signs and symptoms of a heat injury. The casualty has a full canteen of cool water. Standards: Recognized the type of heat injury and gave appropriate first aid. Performance Steps 1. Identify the type of heat injury. a. Heat cramps symptoms. (1) Muscle cramps of the arms, legs, or abdomen. (2) Excessive sweating. (3) Thirst. b. Heat exhaustion symptoms. (The first five occur often. The others occur sometimes.) (1) Profuse sweating with pale, moist, cool skin. 3-64 081-831-1008 Performance Steps (2) Headache. (3) Weakness. (4) Dizziness. (5) Loss of appetite. (6) Heat cramps. (7) Nausea, with or without vomiting. (8) Urge to defecate. (9) Chills (goose flesh). (10) Rapid breathing. (11) Tingling of the hands and/or feet. (12) Confusion. c. Heatstroke symptoms. (1) Flushed, hot, dry skin. (2) Headache. (3) Dizziness. (4) Nausea. (5) Confusion. (6) Weakness. (7) Loss of consciousness. (8) Seizures. (9) Weak and rapid pulse and breathing. 2. Provide the proper first aid for the heat injury. a. Heat cramps. (1) Move the casualty to a cool or shady area or improvise shade. (2) Loosen the casualty's clothing unless in a chemical environment. (3) Have the casualty slowly drink at least one canteen of cool water. (4) Seek medical aid if the cramps continue. b. Heat exhaustion. (1) Move the casualty to a cool or shady area or improvise shade. (2) Loosen or remove the casualty's clothing and boots unless in a chemical environment. 081-831-1008 3-65 Performance Steps (3) Pour water on the casualty and fan him unless in a chemical environment. (4) Have the casualty slowly drink at least one canteen of cool water. (5) Elevate the casualty's legs. (6) Monitor the casualty until the symptoms are gone or medical aid arrives. of the day. Note. If possible, the casualty should not participate in strenuous activity for the rest c. Heatstroke. WARNING Heatstroke is a medical emergency that may result in death if treatment is delayed. Start cooling measures immediately and continue while waiting for transportation and during evacuation. (1) Move the casualty to a cool or shady area or improvise shade. (2) Loosen or remove the casualty's clothing unless in a chemical environment. chemical environment. (3) Spray or pour water on the casualty and fan him unless in a (4) Massage the casualty's arms and legs unless in a chemical environment. (5) Elevate the casualty's legs. (6) If the casualty is conscious, have him slowly drink at least one canteen of cool water. Note. Watch the casualty closely for life-threatening conditions, check for other injuries, and seek medical aid. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: None. Brief Soldier: Describe to the soldier the signs and/or symptoms of heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke, and ask the soldier what type of heat injury is indicated. Then ask the soldier what should be done to treat the heat injury described. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Identified the type of heat injury. —— —— 3-66 081-831-1008 2. Provided the proper first aid for the heat injury. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1025 Perform First Aid for an Open Abdominal Wound Conditions: You see a casualty who has an open abdominal wound. The casualty is breathing. Necessary equipment and materials: casualty's first aid packet and material for an improvised dressing (clothing or blankets). Standards: Applied a dressing to the wound following the correct sequence without causing further injury to the casualty. The dressing was secure and protected the wound without putting pressure on the bowel. Performance Steps 1. Position the casualty by placing the casualty on his back with the knees up (flexed). 2. Uncover the wound unless clothing is stuck to the wound or in a chemical environment. CAUTION Uncovering the wound in a chemical environment or removing stuck clothing could cause additional harm. 3. Pick up any organs that are on the ground. a. Use a clean, dry dressing or the cleanest material available and gently pick up the organs without touching them with your bare hands. b. Place the organs on top of the casualty's abdomen. 4. Apply the casualty's field dressing. Note. If the field dressing is not large enough to cover the entire wound, the inner surface of the plastic wrapper from the dressing may be used to cover the bowel before the dressing is applied. Other improvised dressings can be made from clothing, blankets, or the cleanest material available. a. Apply the dressing, white side down, directly over the wound. 081-831-1025 3-67 Performance Steps WARNING Do not apply pressure to the wound or other exposed internal parts. b. Wrap the tails around the casualty's body completely covering the dressing if possible. c. Loosely tie the tails into a nonslip knot at the casualty's side. d. Check to make sure the tails are tied firmly enough to prevent slipping without applying pressure to the bowel. Note. Field dressings can be covered with improvised reinforcement materials (cravats, strips of torn cloth) for additional support and protection. The improvised bandages should be tied on the casualty's side—the one opposite to where the dressing is tied. Note. Do not cause further injury. Observe the following: Do not touch exposed organs with bare hands. Do not push organs back inside the body. Do not probe, clean, or remove any foreign object from the wound. WARNING Do not give food or water to the casualty. (Moistening the casualty's lips is allowed.) Note. Watch the casualty closely for life-threatening conditions, check for other injuries, and seek medical aid. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Use the same field dressing repeatedly. Have another soldier act as the casualty. Use a moulage or otherwise simulate the abdominal wound. You can have a canteen of water available and have the casualty say that he is thirsty while testing step 4. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to do, in order, all necessary first aid steps to treat the casualty's wound. When testing step 2, you can vary the test by telling the soldier that clothing is stuck to the wound or that a chemical environment exists. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Positioned the casualty. —— —— 2. Uncovered the wound. —— —— 3. Picked up organs. —— —— 3-68 081-831-1025 Performance Measures GO NO GO 4. Applied the casualty's field dressing. —— —— 5. Performed steps 1 through 4 in the correct sequence. —— —— 6. Watched the casualty closely for life-threatening conditions and checked for other injuries, if necessary. —— —— (See the Task 081-831-1000.) Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1026 Perform First Aid for an Open Chest Wound Conditions: You see a casualty who has an open chest wound. The casualty is breathing. Necessary equipment and materials: casualty's first aid packet and material to improvise a dressing (clothing or blankets). Standards: Applied a dressing to the wound following the correct sequence, without causing further injury to the casualty. The wound was properly sealed and the dressing was firmly secured without interfering with breathing. Performance Steps Note. If there are two wounds, the same procedure should be followed for both. Start with the one that is more serious; (the one that has the heavier bleeding or is larger). 1. Uncover the wound unless clothing is stuck to the wound or in a chemical environment. CAUTION Uncovering the wound in a chemical environment or removing stuck clothing could cause additional harm. WARNING Do not attempt to clean the wound. 081-831-1026 3-69 Performance Steps 2. Apply airtight material over the wound. a. Use the fully opened outer wrapper of the casualty's field dressing or other airtight material. b. Apply the inner surface of the airtight material directly over the wound after the casualty exhales completely. Note. When applying the airtight material try not to touch the inner surface. c. Hold the material in place. 3. Apply the casualty's field dressing. a. Apply the dressing, white side down, directly over the airtight material. b. Have the casualty breathe normally. c. Maintain pressure on the dressing while you wrap the tails around the body back to the starting point. d. Tie the tails into a nonslip knot over the center of the dressing after the casualty has exhaled completely. e. Check to make sure the knot is tied firmly enough to secure the dressing without interfering with breathing. Note. When practical, apply direct manual pressure over the dressing for 5 to 10 minutes to help control the bleeding. 4. Position the casualty on the injured side or in a sitting position, whichever makes breathing easier. WARNING If the casualty's condition (difficulty in breathing, shortness of breath, restlessness, or blueness of skin) worsens after placing the dressing, quickly lift or remove and then replace the airtight dressing. Note. Watch the casualty for life-threatening conditions, check for other injuries, and seek medical aid. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Use the same field dressing repeatedly. Prepare the field dressing outer wrapper or provide a piece of airtight material (plastic, cellophane, foil). Have another soldier act as the casualty. Use a moulage or otherwise simulate the chest wound. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to do, in order, all necessary first aid steps to treat the casualty's wound. When testing step 1, you can vary the test by telling the soldier that clothing is stuck to the wound or that a chemical environment exists. 3-70 081-831-1026 Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Uncovered the wound unless clothing is stuck to the wound or a chemical environment exists. —— —— 2. Applied airtight material over the wound without touching the inner surface. —— —— a. Used the fully opened outer wrapper of the casualty's field dressing or other airtight material. b. Applied the inner surface of the airtight material directly over the wound after the casualty exhaled completely. c. Held the material in place. 3. Applied the casualty's field dressing. —— —— a. Applied the dressing, white side down, directly over the airtight material. b. Had the casualty breathe normally. c. Maintained pressure on the dressing while wrapping the tails around the body back to the starting point. d. Tied the tails into a nonslip knot over the center of the dressing, after the casualty exhaled completely. e. Checked to make sure the knot is tied firmly enough to secure the dressing without interfering with breathing. 4. When practical, applied direct manual pressure over the dressing for 5 to 10 minutes to help control the —— —— bleeding. 5. Positioned the casualty on the injured side or in a sitting position, whichever made breathing easier. —— —— 6. Performed steps 1 through 5 in the correct sequence. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1026 3-71 081-831-1032 Perform First Aid for Bleeding of an Extremity Conditions: You have a casualty who has a bleeding wound of the arm or leg. The casualty is breathing. Necessary equipment and materials: casualty's first aid packet, materials to improvise a pressure dressing (wadding and cravat or strip of cloth), materials to elevate the extremity (blanket, shelter half, poncho, log, or any available material), rigid object (stick, tent peg, or similar object), and a strip of cloth. Standards: Controlled bleeding from the wound following the correct sequence. Placed a field dressing over the wound with the sides of the dressing sealed so it did not slip. Checked to ensure the field and pressure dressing did not have a tourniquet-like effect. Applied a tourniquet to stop profuse bleeding not stopped by the dressings, or for missing arms and legs. Performance Steps 1. Uncover the wound unless clothing is stuck to the wound or in a chemical environment. WARNING Do not remove protective clothing in a chemical environment. dressings over the protective clothing. Apply Note. If an arm or leg has been cut off, go to step 5. 2. Apply the casualty's field dressing. a. Apply the dressing, white side down, directly over the wound. b. Wrap each tail, one at a time, in opposite directions around the wound so the dressing is covered and both sides are sealed. c. Tie the tails into a nonslip knot over the outer edge of the dressing, not over the wound. d. Check the dressing to make sure it is tied firmly enough to prevent slipping without causing a tourniquet-like effect. WARNING Field and pressure dressings should not have a tourniquet-like effect. The dressing must be loosened if the skin beyond the injury becomes cool, blue, or numb. 3. necessary. Apply manual pressure and elevate the arm or leg to reduce bleeding, if 3-72 081-831-1032 Performance Steps a. Apply firm manual pressure over the dressing for 5 to 10 minutes. b. Elevate the injured part above the level of the heart unless a fracture is suspected and has not been splinted. 4. Apply a pressure dressing if the bleeding continues. a. Keep the arm or leg elevated. b. Place a wad of padding directly over the wound. c. Place an improvised dressing over the wad of padding and wrap it tightly around the limb. d. Tie the ends in a nonslip knot directly over the wound. e. Check the dressing to make sure it does not have a tourniquet-like effect. Note. If the bleeding stops, watch the casualty closely, and check for other injuries. Note. If heavy bleeding continues, apply a tourniquet. WARNING The only time a tourniquet should be applied is when an arm or leg has been cut off or when heavy bleeding cannot be stopped by a pressure dressing. If only part of a hand or foot has been cut off, the bleeding should be stopped using a pressure dressing. 5. Apply a tourniquet. a. Make a tourniquet at least two inches wide. b. Position the tourniquet. (1) Place the tourniquet over the smoothed sleeve or trouser leg if possible. (2) Place the tourniquet around the limb two to four inches above the wound between the wound and the heart but not on a joint or directly over a wound or a fracture. (3) Place the tourniquet just above, and as close to the joint as possible, when wounds are just below a joint. c. Put on the tourniquet. (1) Tie a half knot. (2) Place a stick (or similar object) on top of the half knot. (3) Tie a full knot over the stick. (4) Twist the stick until the tourniquet is tight around the limb and bright red bleeding has stopped. 081-831-1032 3-73 Performance Steps Note. In case of an amputation, dark oozing blood may continue for a short time. d. Secure the tourniquet. The tourniquet can be secured using the ends of the tourniquet band or with another piece of cloth as long as the stick does not unwind. Note. If a limb is completely amputated, the stump should be padded and bandaged (do not cover the tourniquet). Note. If possible, severed limbs or body parts should be saved and transported with, but out of sight of, the casualty. The body parts should be wrapped in dry, sterile dressing and placed in a dry, plastic bag and in turn placed in a cool container (do not soak in water or saline or allow to freeze). It is entirely possible that your location in the field/combat may not allow for the correct preserving of parts; do what you can. WARNING Do not loosen or release a tourniquet once it has been applied. e. Mark the casualty's forehead with a letter T using a pen, mud, the casualty's blood, or whatever is available. 6. Watch the casualty closely for life-threatening conditions, check for other injuries, if necessary, and treat for shock. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Use the same field dressing repeatedly. Have materials available for a pressure dressing (wadding and cravat or a strip of cloth). Have one soldier play the part of the casualty and another apply the field and pressure dressing. Use a moulage or mark a place on the casualty's arm or leg to simulate a wound. For applying a tourniquet, use a mannequin or simulated arm or leg (padded length of 2-inch by 4-inch wood with a glove or boot on one end) with a field dressing appropriately placed on the arm or leg. Under no circumstances will a live simulated casualty be used to evaluate the application of a tourniquet. Place the tourniquet materials (a stick and one or two pieces of cloth) nearby. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to do, in order, the first aid steps required to put on a field dressing and, if necessary, a pressure dressing on the casualty's wound. When testing step 1, you can vary the test by telling the soldier that clothing is stuck to the wound or that a chemical environment exists. After step 2 and 3, tell the soldier that the bleeding has not stopped. After step 4, tell the soldier the bleeding is continuing and ask the soldier to describe and perform first aid on the simulated arm or leg provided. 3-74 081-831-1032 Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Uncovered the wound. —— —— 2. Applied a field dressing. —— —— 3. Applied manual pressure and elevated the arm or leg, if necessary. —— —— 4. Applied a pressure dressing, if necessary. —— —— 5. Applied a tourniquet, if necessary. —— —— 6. Performed steps 1 through 5, as necessary, in sequence. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1033 Perform First Aid for an Open Head Wound Conditions: You see a casualty who has an open head wound. The casualty is breathing. Necessary equipment and materials: casualty's first aid packet and a canteen of water. Standards: Applied a dressing to the wound following the correct sequence without causing further injury to the casualty. The casualty was properly positioned and the dressing was secured without applying unnecessary pressure. Performance Steps 1. Check the casualty's level of consciousness. a. Question the casualty. (1) "What is your name?" (2) "Where are you?" (3) "What is today's date (day, month, year)?" 081-831-1033 3-75 Performance Steps b. Report incorrect answers, inability to answer, or changes in answers to medical personnel. 2. Position the casualty. WARNING Do not move the casualty if he exhibits signs and/or symptoms, other than minor bleeding, of a neck, spine, or severe head injury. a. The casualty is conscious or has a minor scalp wound. (1) Have the casualty sit up unless other injuries prohibit sitting up. (2) Raise the head slightly if the casualty is lying down and is not accumulating fluids in his throat. (3) Turn his head to the side or position the casualty on his side (opposite the wound) if the wound is bleeding into the mouth or throat. b. The casualty is unconscious or has a severe head injury. (1) Treat the casualty as having a potential neck or spinal injury. Immobilize and do not move the casualty unless absolutely necessary. (2) Turn the casualty, if he is choking and/or vomiting or bleeding into the mouth. Position the casualty on his side opposite the wound. WARNING If it is necessary to turn a casualty with a suspected neck or spinal injury, assistance will be required. Roll the casualty gently onto his side keeping the head, neck, and body aligned while providing support for the head and neck. 3. Expose the wound by removing the casualty's helmet if necessary. WARNING In a chemical environment removing the mask or other protective clothing could be hazardous to the casualty. Note. In a chemical environment— − If the casualty's mask and hood are not breached, do not apply a dressing. If the all clear has not been given, do not remove the casualty's mask to treat the wound. − If the casualty's mask or hood has been breached, and the all clear has not been given, attempt to repair the breach with tape or wet cloth stuffing. Do not apply a dressing. − If the casualty's mask or hood has been breached and the all clear has been given, remove the mask to apply a dressing. 3-76 081-831-1033 Performance Steps 4. Apply the casualty's field dressing to the wound. WARNING To prevent further injury to the casualty— Do not try to clean the wound. Do not put unnecessary pressure on the wound. Do not try to push brain matter back into the head. Do not give the casualty any food or drink. Do not move the casualty if a broken neck or broken back is suspected. a. Forehead or back of the head. (1) Apply the dressing, white side down, directly over the wound with the tails extending toward the sides of the head. (2) Wrap the tails, one at a time, around the head in opposite directions making sure the tails cover the dressing but not the eyes and ears. (3) Tie the tails at the side of the head using a nonslip knot. b. Top of the head. (1) Apply the dressing, white side down, directly over the wound. (2) Wrap one tail down under the chin and bring it up in front of the ear over the dressing to a point just above, and in front of, the opposite ear. (3) Wrap the other tail down under the chin in the opposite direction and up the side of the head to meet the first tail. (4) Cross the tails. (5) Wrap one tail across the forehead above the eyebrows to a point just above and in front of the opposite ear. (6) Wrap the other tail above the ear, low over the back of the head, and above the opposite ear to meet the other tail. (7) Tie the tails using a nonslip knot. c. Side of the head or cheek. (1) Apply the dressing, white side down, directly over the wound with the tails extending up and down. (2) Wrap the top tail over the top of the head, down in front of the ear, under the chin, and up over the dressing to a point just above the ear. 081-831-1033 3-77 Performance Steps (3) Wrap the other tail in the opposite direction to meet the first tail. (4) Cross the tails and complete the procedure as follows: (a) Wrap one tail across the forehead above the eyebrows to a point just above, and in front of, the opposite ear. (b) Wrap the other tail above the ear, low over the back of the head, and above the opposite ear to meet the other tail. (c) Tie the tails using a nonslip knot. 5. Monitor the casualty. a. Check the casualty's level of consciousness every 15 minutes. b. Awaken the casualty every 15 minutes if he falls asleep. c. Note any changes from earlier checks. 6. Watch the casualty for life-threatening conditions and check for other injuries, if necessary. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Use the same field dressing repeatedly. Have another soldier act as the casualty. Use a moulage or otherwise simulate a wound to the forehead, back of the head, side of the head, cheek, or top of the head. Brief the casualty on how to answer the soldier's questions during step 1. You can have a canteen of water available and have the casualty say that he is thirsty to see if the soldier knows what to do. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to do, in order, all necessary first aid steps to treat the casualty's wound. Tell the soldier that it is not in a chemical environment. After the soldier completes step 4, ask him how often the casualty's level of consciousness should be checked and what should be done if the casualty falls asleep. Score step 5 based on the soldier's responses. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Checked the casualty's level of consciousness. —— —— 2. Positioned the casualty. —— —— 3. Exposed the wound. —— —— 4. Applied the casualty's field dressing. —— —— 5. Monitored the casualty. —— —— 6. Performed steps 1 through 5 in the correct sequence. —— —— 3-78 081-831-1033 Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1034 Perform First Aid for a Suspected Fracture Conditions: You see a casualty who has an arm or leg that you think is broken. The casualty has no more serious wounds or conditions that have not been treated. Necessary materials and equipment: splint materials (boards, poles, tree branches), padding materials (clothing, blanket, field dressing, leafy vegetation), and tie materials (strips of cloth, belts). Standards: Splinted the suspected broken arm or leg so the arm or leg did not move and circulation was not impaired. Performance Steps 1. Prepare the casualty for splinting. a. Reassure the casualty if he is conscious and able to understand. Tell the casualty you will be taking care of him. b. Loosen any tight or binding clothing. WARNING Do not remove any protective clothing or boots in a chemical environment. Apply the splint over the clothing. WARNING Do not remove boots from the casualty unless they are needed to stabilize a neck injury or there is actual bleeding from the foot. c. Remove all jewelry from the affected limb and place it in the casualty's pocket. Tell the casualty that you are doing this to prevent further injury if swelling occurs later. 2. Get splinting materials. a. Get splints (wooden boards, tree branches, poles, an unloaded rifle) long enough to reach beyond the joints above and below the broken part. 081-831-1034 3-79 Performance Steps b. Get materials to pad the splints, such as a jacket, blanket, poncho, shelter half, or leafy vegetation. c. Get tie materials, such as strips of cloth or belts, to tie the splints. Note. If splinting materials are not available, use the chest wall to immobilize a suspected fracture of the arm and an uninjured leg to immobilize the fractured leg. Continue with steps 7 and 8. 3. Pad the splints. Apply padding between the splint and the bony areas of the body. Suggested sites for padding: wrist, elbow, ankle, knee, crotch, and armpit. 4. Check for signs of blood circulation problems below the injury. a. Check light-skinned persons for color of skin (skin may be pale, white, or a bluish gray color). b. Check dark-skinned persons by depressing the toenail or fingernail beds and seeing how fast the color returns. A slower return of color to the injured side indicates a circulation problem. c. Check to see if the injured arm or leg feels colder than the uninjured one. d. Ask the casualty about the presence of numbness, tightness, or a cold sensation. WARNING If there is a blood circulation problem, evacuate the casualty as soon as possible. 5. Put on a splint. WARNING If the fracture is open, do not attempt to push bones back under the skin. Apply a field dressing to protect the area. Note. a. Splint the broken arm or leg in the position in which you find it. Do not try to reposition or straighten the fracture. b. Place one splint on each side of the arm or leg. Make sure the splints reach beyond the joints above and below the fracture. c. Tie the splints with improvised (or actual) cravats. (1) Gently place the cravats at a minimum of two points above and two points below the fracture if possible. 3-80 081-831-1034 Performance Steps WARNING Do not tie any cravats directly over the fracture. (2) Tie nonslip knots on the splint away from the injury. 6. Check the splint for tightness. a. Make sure the cravats are tight enough to hold the splinting materials securely in place. b. Recheck circulation below the injury to make sure circulation is not impaired. c. Make any adjustments without allowing the splint to become ineffective. 7. Apply sling if applicable. Note. A sling can be used to further immobilize an arm and to provide support by the uninjured side. a. Make a sling from any nonstretching material such as a strip of clothing or blanket, poncho, shelter half, belt, or shirttail. b. Apply the sling so the supporting pressure is on the casualty's uninjured side. c. Make sure the hand of the supported arm is slightly higher than the elbow. 8. Apply swathes if applicable. Note. Apply swathes when the casualty has a splinted, suspected fracture of the elbow or leg, or when a suspected fracture cannot be splinted. (Improvise swathes from large pieces of cloth or belts.) WARNING Place swathes above and/or below the fracture, not over it. a. Apply swathes to an injured arm by wrapping the swathes over the injured arm, around the casualty's back, and under the arm on the uninjured side. Tie the ends on the uninjured side. b. Apply swathes to an injured leg by wrapping the swathes around both legs and tying the swathes on the uninjured side. Note. Watch the casualty closely for life-threatening conditions, check for other injuries, and seek medical aid. 081-831-1034 3-81 Evaluation Preparation: Setup: You will need another soldier to play the part of the casualty. Have the casualty lie down or sit. Place splinting materials nearby. Have available splints, padding, and materials for ties, slings, and swathes that are appropriate to the fracture location on the arm or leg. If available, have two or more pairs of splints of varying lengths to help in scoring step 1. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier that the casualty has a suspected closed fracture and where it is located (lower arm, elbow, upper leg, lower leg). Tell the soldier to splint the suspected fracture. Do not evaluate step 8 in the simulated mode. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Used splints that reach beyond the joints above and below the fracture. —— —— 2. Checked blood circulation below the fracture before and after applying the splints. —— —— 3. Applied padding between the splints and all bony areas. —— —— 4. Used at least four ties (two above and two below the fracture) to secure the splints, if possible. —— —— 5. Tied nonslip knots on the splint away from the injury. —— —— 6. Immobilized the splinted arm or leg using a sling and/or swathes, as required, to prevent easy movement. —— —— 7. Checked the splint for tightness. —— —— 8. Watched the casualty for life-threatening conditions and checked for other injuries. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 3-82 081-831-1034 081-831-1042 Perform Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation Conditions: You see an adult casualty who is unconscious and does not appear to be breathing. You are not in a chemical environment. Standards: Gave mouth-to-mouth resuscitation correctly, in the correct sequence. Continued mouth-to-mouth resuscitation at the rate of about 10 to 12 breaths per minute until the casualty started to breathe on his own, the soldier was relieved by a qualified person, or the soldier was too tired to go on. Note: The standard is based on American Heart Association information. Performance Steps 1. Roll the casualty onto his back if necessary. WARNING The casualty should be carefully rolled as a whole, so the body does not twist. 2. Open the airway. Note. If foreign material or vomit is in the mouth, it should be removed as quickly as possible (see step 7). a. Head-tilt/chin-lift method. (1) Kneel at the level of the casualty's shoulders. (2) Place one hand on the casualty's forehead and apply firm, backward pressure with the palm to tilt the head back. (3) Place the fingertips of the other hand under the bony part of the lower jaw and lift, bringing the chin forward. Note. Do not use the thumb to lift. Note. Do not press deeply into the soft tissue under the chin with the fingers. Note. b. Jaw-thrust method. This method is usually used for casualties with a neck or severe head injury. (1) Kneel above the casualty's head (looking toward the casualty's feet). (2) Rest your elbows on the ground or floor. (3) Place one hand on each side of the casualty's head and place the tips of the index and middle fingers under the angles of the casualty's lower jaw. Place your thumbs on the jaw just below the level of the teeth. 081-831-1042 3-83 Performance Steps (4) Raise your fingertips to lift the jaw forward (upward). This action will also cause the casualty's head to tilt backward somewhat. Note. If the casualty's lips are still closed after the jaw has been moved forward, use your thumbs to retract the lower lip and allow air to enter the casualty's mouth. 3. Check for breathing. a. Check for breathing within 3 to 5 seconds by placing an ear over the casualty's mouth and looking toward his chest. b. Look for the chest to rise and fall. c. Listen for sounds of breathing. d. Feel for breath on your cheek. Note. If the casualty resumes breathing at any time during this procedure, the airway should be kept open and the casualty should be monitored. If the casualty continues to breathe, he should be transported to medical aid. Otherwise, the procedure should be continued. 4. Give breaths to ensure an open airway. Note. When mouth-to-mouth resuscitation breathing cannot be performed because the casualty has jaw injuries or spasms, the mouth-to-nose method may be more effective. Note. Perform the mouth-to-nose method by blowing into the nose while holding the lips closed. Let air escape by removing your mouth and, in some cases, removing your mouth and separating the casualty's lips. a. Maintain the airway and gently pinch the nose closed, using the hand on the casualty's forehead. b. Take a deep breath and place your mouth, in an airtight seal, around the casualty's mouth. c. Give two full breaths (1 1⁄2 to 2 seconds each), taking a breath between them, while watching for the chest to rise and fall and listening and/or feeling for air to escape during exhalation. Note. If chest rises, go to step 8. Note. If chest does not rise, continue with step 5. 5. breaths. Note. If chest rises, go to step 8. Reposition the casualty's head slightly farther backward and repeat the Note. If chest does not rise, continue with step 6. 6. Perform abdominal or chest thrusts. 3-84 081-831-1042 Performance Steps Note. Abdominal thrusts should be used unless the casualty is in the advanced stages of pregnancy, is very obese, or has a significant abdominal wound. a. Abdominal thrusts. (1) Kneel astride the casualty's thighs. (2) Place the heel of one hand against the casualty's abdomen, slightly above the navel but well below the tip of the breastbone, with the fingers pointing toward the casualty's head. (3) Place the other hand on top of the first. (4) Press into the abdomen with a quick forward and upward thrust. Note. Each thrust should be a separate, distinct movement. (5) Give several thrusts (up to five). b. Chest thrusts. (1) Kneel close to the side of the casualty's body. (2) Locate the lower edge of the casualty's ribs and run the fingers up along the rib cage to the notch where the ribs meet the breastbone. (3) Place the middle finger on the notch with the index finger just above it on the lower end of the breastbone. (4) Place the heel of the other hand on the lower half of the breastbone next to the two fingers. (5) Remove the fingers from the notch and place that hand on top of the other hand, extending or interlacing the fingers. (6) Straighten and lock the elbows with the shoulders directly above the hands. (7) Without bending the elbows, rocking, or allowing the shoulders to sag, apply enough pressure to depress the breastbone 1 to 2 inches. Note. Each thrust should be given slowly, distinctly, and with the intent of relieving the obstruction. (8) Give several thrusts (up to five). 7. Perform a finger sweep and repeat breaths. a. Open the mouth by grasping the tongue and lower jaw to lift the jaw open or crossing the fingers and thumb to push the teeth apart. b. Insert the index finger of the other hand down along the cheek to the base of the tongue. c. Use a hooking motion from the side of the mouth toward the center to dislodge the object. 081-831-1042 3-85 Performance Steps WARNING Take care not to force the object deeper into the airway. d. Reopen the airway and repeat the breaths. Note. If chest rises, go to step 8. Note. If chest does not rise, repeat steps 6 and 7 until the airway is clear. 8. Note. Check for a pulse for 5 to 10 seconds. Use the first two fingers in the groove in the casualty's throat beside the Adam's apple. Do not use the thumb. a. If a pulse is found but the casualty is not breathing, continue with step 9. b. If no pulse is found, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) must be performed by qualified personnel. Send for qualified medical personnel. 9. Continue mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, at the rate of about 10 to 12 breaths per minute. 10. Recheck for pulse and breathing for 3 to 5 seconds after every 12 breaths. Note. Once breathing is restored, watch the casualty closely, maintain an open airway, and check for other injuries. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: For training and testing, you must use a resuscitation training mannequin (DVC 08-15). Have a bottle of alcohol and swabs or cotton available. Place the mannequin on the floor and alcohol and cotton balls on the table. Clean the mannequin's nose and mouth before each soldier is evaluated. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to do, in order, all necessary steps to restore breathing. After step 3, tell the soldier that the casualty is not breathing. When testing steps 4 and 5, you can vary the test by indicating whether the chest rises or not. If step 7 is tested, tell the soldier that the airway is open. You can stop the evaluation when the soldier rechecks for the pulse in step 10. Note: Reference made to the mouth-to-nose method within the task presents information on an alternate procedure that must be used under some circumstances. This method will not be evaluated. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Positioned the casualty. —— —— 3-86 081-831-1042 Performance Measures GO NO GO 2. Opened the airway using the head-tilt/chin-lift method. —— —— 3. Checked for breathing. —— —— 4. Gave breaths to ensure an open airway. —— —— 5. Repositioned the casualty's head and repeated breaths, if necessary. —— —— 6. Performed abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts, if necessary. —— —— 7. Performed a finger sweep and repeated breaths if necessary. —— —— 8. Checked for pulse. —— —— 9. Continued mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose resuscitation. —— —— 10. Rechecked for pulse and breathing after every 12 breaths. —— —— 11. Performed all necessary steps in the correct sequence. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1044 Perform First Aid for Nerve Agent Injury Conditions: You and your unit have come under a chemical attack. You are wearing protective overgarments and/or mask, or they are immediately available. There are casualties with nerve agent injuries. Necessary materials and equipment: chemical protective gloves, overgarments, overboots, protective mask and hood, mask carrier, and nerve agent antidote autoinjectors. The casualty has three sets of MARK l nerve agent antidote autoinjectors or three antidote treatment nerve agent autoinjector 081-831-1044 3-87 (ATNAAs) and one convulsant antidote for nerve agents (CANA) autoinjector. Standards: Administered correctly the antidote to self, or administered three sets of MARK l nerve agent antidote autoinjectors or three ATNAAs followed by the CANA to a buddy following the correct sequence. Performance Steps Note. The ATNAA system is a nerve agent antidote device that will be used by the armed forces. A single ATNAA delivers both the atropine and 2 Pam Cl. The ATNAA will replace the MARK I when supplies are exhausted. Procedures for administering ATNAA will be contained in FM 4-25.11 (FM 21-11) and FM 8-285. Note. When performing first aid on a casualty, seek medical aid as soon as possible. Do not stop the first aid; if the situation allows, send another person to find medical aid. 1. Identify mild signs and symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. a. Unexplained runny nose. b. Unexplained sudden headache. c. Excessive flow of saliva (drooling). d. Tightness of the chest causing breathing difficulties. e. Difficulty seeing (blurred vision). f. Muscular twitching around area of exposed or contaminated skin. g. Stomach cramps. h. Nausea. Note. For the above signs and symptoms first aid is considered to be self-aid. 2. React to the chemical hazard. a. Put on your protective mask. Note. Seek overhead cover or use a poncho to provide cover, mission permitting. Do not put on additional protective clothing at this time. Give yourself the nerve agent antidote first. Then, decontaminate exposed skin areas and put on remaining protective clothing. b. Give the alarm. 3. Administer nerve agent antidote to self (self-aid), if necessary. a. MARK I. (1) Prepare to administer one atropine injection. (a) Remove one set of MARK I from your protective mask carrier, from the pocket of the MOPP suit, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP. (b) With one hand, hold the set of injectors by the plastic clip with the big injector on top. 3-88 081-831-1044 Performance Steps (c) With the other hand, check the injection site in order to avoid buttons and objects in pockets where injecting. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site. (d) Grasp the small injector without covering or holding the needle (green) end, and pull it out of the clip with a smooth motion. (e) Form a fist around the autoinjector with the needle end (green) extending beyond the little finger end of the fist. Be careful not to inject yourself in the hand. Note. If the injection is accidentally given in the hand, another small injector must be obtained and the injection given in the proper site. (f) Place the needle end of the injector against the outer thigh muscle. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site. Note. The injection can be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand's width above the knee to a hand's width below the hip joint. Note. Very thin soldiers should give the injection in the upper outer part of the buttocks. CAUTION When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis. (2) Administer the atropine injection. Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure (a) until it functions. Note. A jabbing motion is not necessary to trigger the activating mechanism. (b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds. (c) Remove the injector from your muscle and carefully place the used injector between two fingers of the hand holding the plastic clip. (3) Prepare to administer one 2 PAM Cl injection. (a) Pull the large injector out of the clip and form a fist around the autoinjector with the needle end extending beyond the little finger. (b) Place the needle (black) end of the injector against the injection site. (4) Administer the 2 Pam Cl injection. Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure (a) until it functions. 081-831-1044 3-89 Performance Steps (b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds. b. ATNAA. (1) Prepare to administer one ATNAA. (a) Remove one ATNAA from your protective mask carrier, from the pocket of the MOPP suit, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP. (b) Remove the autoinjector from the pouch. (c) With your dominant hand, hold the ATNAA in your closed fist with the green needle end extending beyond the little finger in front of you at eye level. (d) With your nondominant hand, grasp the safety (gray) cap with the thumb and first two fingers. CAUTION Do not cover or hold the needle end with your hand, thumb, or fingers. You may accidentally inject yourself. (e) Pull the safety cap off the bottom of the injector with a smooth motion and drop it to the ground. (f) With the nondominant hand, check the injection site in order to avoid buttons and objects in pockets where injecting. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site. (g) Hold the ATNAA in your closed fist with the green needle end pointing out by your little finger. (h) Place the needle end of the injector against the outer thigh muscle. Note. Very thin soldiers should give the injection in the upper outer part of the buttocks. CAUTION When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis. Note. The injection can be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand's width above the knee to a hand's width below the hip joint. (2) Administer the injection. (a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions. Note. A jabbing motion is not necessary to trigger the activating mechanism. 3-90 081-831-1044 Performance Steps (b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds. (c) Remove the injector from your muscle. 4. Secure the used injectors. a. Drop the plastic clip (MARK I) without dropping the used injectors. b. Use a hard surface to bend each needle to form a hook without tearing protective gloves or clothing. c. Push the needle of each used injector (one at a time) through one of the pocket flaps of the protective overgarment. 5. Decontaminate skin if necessary. Note. Information on this step is provided in Task 031-503-1013. 6. Put on remaining protective clothing. Note. Information on this step is covered in Task 031-503-1015. WARNING If, within 5 to 10 minutes after administering the first set of injections, your heart begins beating rapidly and your mouth becomes very dry, do not administer another set of injections. 7. Seek buddy-aid or medical aid. Note. After you have given yourself the first set of MARK I injections or one ATNAA, you most likely will not need additional antidote if you are ambulatory and know who and where you are. If needed, additional injections will be given only by a buddy, a combat lifesaver, or medical personnel. 8. Identify severe signs and symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. a. Strange and confused behavior. b. Gurgling sounds made when breathing. c. Severely pinpointed pupils. d. Red eyes with tearing. e. Vomiting. f. Severe muscular twitching. g. Loss of bladder and/or bowel control. h. Convulsions. i. Unconsciousness or stoppage of breathing. Note. If the casualty is exhibiting severe symptoms, assistance (buddy-aid) is required by the individual to complete first aid treatment. 9. Mask the casualty if necessary. 081-831-1044 3-91 Performance Steps WARNING Do not kneel at any time while providing aid to the casualty. Contact with the ground could force the chemical into or through the protective clothing. Note. Reposition the casualty on his back, if necessary, to mask the individual. a. Place the mask on the casualty. b. If the casualty can follow directions, have him clear the mask. c. Check for a complete mask seal by covering the inlet valves of the mask. d. Pull the protective hood over the head, neck, and shoulders of the casualty. e. Position the casualty on the right side, similar to a swimmer position, with the head slanted down so the casualty will not roll back over. 10. Administer first aid to a nerve agent casualty (buddy-aid). a. MARK I. (1) Prepare to administer one atropine injection. (a) Position yourself near the casualty's thigh. (b) Remove all three sets of autoinjectors and the single CANA autoinjector from the casualty's mask carrier, BDU pocket, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP. Place the autoinjectors and CANA on the casualty's side. DO NOT place the unused devices on the ground. (c) With one hand, hold the set of injectors by the plastic clip with the big injector on top. (d) With the other hand, check the injection site to avoid buttons and objects in pockets. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward (toward you), clearing possible obstructions from the site. (e) Grasp the small injector and pull it out of the clip with a smooth motion. (f) Hold the injector in your closed fist with the green needle end pointing out by your little finger without covering the needle end. (g) Place the needle end of the injector against the casualty's outer (lateral) thigh muscle. 3-92 081-831-1044 Performance Steps Note. The injection can be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand's width above the knee to a hand's width below the hip joint. Note. Very thin soldiers should be given the injections in the upper outer part of the buttocks. WARNING When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis. (2) Administer the atropine injection. Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure (a) until it functions. (b) Hold the injector in place for at least 10 seconds. (c) Remove the injector from the muscle and carefully place the used injector between two fingers of the hand holding the clip. (3) Prepare to administer one 2 PAM Cl injection. (a) Pull the large injector out of the clip and hold the injector in your closed fist with the black needle end pointing out by your little finger without covering the needle end. (b) Place the needle (black) end of the injector against the injection site. (4) Administer the 2 PAM Cl injection. Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure (a) until it functions. (b) Hold the injector in place for at least 10 seconds. (c) Drop the clip without dropping injectors. (d) Lay the used injectors on the casualty's side. Note. Repeat steps 10a (1) through 10a (4) until the casualty has received a total (including self-administered) of three sets of antidote injections. b. ATNAA (1) Prepare to administer one ATNAA. (a) Obtain three or all remaining ATNAAs and one CANA from the casualty's protective mask carrier, from the pocket of the MOPP suit, or from another location as specified by your unit SOP. (b) Remove one ATNAA from the pouch. 081-831-1044 3-93 Performance Steps (c) With your dominant hand, hold the ATNAA in your closed fist with the green needle end pointing out by your little finger, in front of you at eye level. (d) With your nondominant hand, grasp the safety (gray) cap with the thumb and first two fingers. CAUTION Do not cover or hold the needle end with your hand, thumb, or fingers. You may accidentally inject yourself. (e) Pull the safety cap off the bottom of the injector with a smooth motion and drop it to the ground. (f) With the nondominant hand, check the injection site in order to avoid buttons and objects in pockets where injecting. For injections into the thigh, grasp the trouser cargo pocket and pull forward, clearing possible obstructions from the site. (g) Hold the ATNAA in your closed fist. (h) Place the needle end of the injector against the outer thigh muscle. Note. The injection may be given in any part of the lateral thigh muscle from about a hand's width above the knee to a hand's width below the hip joint. Note. Very thin soldiers should be given the injection in the upper outer part of the buttocks. CAUTION When injecting antidote in the buttocks, be very careful to inject only into the upper, outer quarter of the buttocks to avoid hitting the major nerve that crosses the buttocks. Hitting the nerve may cause paralysis. (2) Administer the injection. (a) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions. Note. A jabbing motion is not necessary to trigger the activating mechanism. (b) Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds. (c) Remove the injector from the muscle. (d) Place the used injector on the casualty's side. (3) Repeat the procedure for a total of three ATNAAs. 11. Administer the anticonvulsant, CANA. a. Prepare to administer the CANA injection. (1) Tear open the protective plastic packet and remove the injector. 3-94 081-831-1044 Performance Steps (2) With your dominant hand, hold the injector in your closed fist with the black needle end pointing out by your little finger. (3) With the other hand, pull the safety cap off the injector base to arm the injector. CAUTION Do not touch the black (needle) end. You could accidentally inject yourself. (4) Place the black end of the injector against the casualty's injection site. b. Administer the CANA injection. (1) Push the injector into the muscle with firm, even pressure until it functions. (2) Hold the injector in place for at least 10 seconds. 12. Secure the used injectors. a. Using a hard surface bend each needle to form a hook without tearing protective gloves or clothing. b. Push the needle of each used injector (one at a time) through one of the pocket flaps of the casualty's protective overgarment. 13. Decontaminate the casualty's skin, if necessary. Note. This information is covered in Task 031-503-1013. 14. Seek medical aid. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: You must use nerve agent antidote injection training aids to train and evaluate this task. Actual autoinjectors will not be used. For self-aid, have the soldier dress in MOPP 2. Have the soldier wear a mask carrier containing a mask and the training nerve agent autoinjectors. For buddy- aid, have the soldier being tested and the casualty dress in MOPP 2. Have the casualty lie on the ground wearing the mask carrier containing a mask and the training nerve agent autoinjectors. Brief Soldier: For step 1, tell the soldier to state, in any order the mild symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. The soldier must state seven of the eight symptoms to be scored GO. Then, tell the soldier that he has mild symptoms and to take appropriate action. After the soldier completes step 4, ask what should be done next. Then ask what he should do after putting on all protective clothing. Score steps 5 through 7 based on the soldier's responses. For step 8, tell the soldier to state, in any order, the severe symptoms of nerve agent poisoning. The soldier must state eight of the nine symptoms to be scored GO. Tell the soldier to treat the casualty for nerve 081-831-1044 3-95 agent poisoning. After the soldier completes step 11, ask what else he should do. Score steps 12 and 13 based on the soldier's responses. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Identified mild signs of nerve agent poisoning. —— —— 2. Reacted to the chemical hazard. —— —— 3. Correctly administered the nerve agent antidote to self. —— —— 4. Secured the used injectors. —— —— 5. Decontaminated skin, if necessary. —— —— 6. Donned remaining protective clothing. —— —— 7. Sought help (buddy-aid). —— —— 8. Identified severe signs of nerve agent poisoning. —— —— 9. Masked the casualty. —— —— 10. Correctly administered nerve agent antidote to the casualty. —— —— 11. Secured the used injectors. —— —— 12. Decontaminated the casualty's skin if necessary. —— —— 13. Sought medical aid. —— —— 14. Performed steps 1 through 12 in the correct sequence. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all the performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any of the performance is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related DVC 08-36 DVC 08-37 FM 4-25.11 FM 8-285 3-96 081-831-1044 081-831-1045 Perform First Aid for Cold Injuries Conditions: You see a casualty who has signs and symptoms of a cold injury. Necessary equipment and materials: canteen of potable water, blanket or similar item to use for warmth, and dry clothing. Standards: Identified the type of cold injury and gave the correct first aid. Performance Steps Note. When performing first aid on a casualty, seek medical aid as soon as possible. Do not stop the first aid; but, if the situation allows, send another person to find medical aid. 1. Identify the type of cold injury. a. Chilblain/frostnip. If the signs and symptoms are as follows, go to step 2a. (1) Prolonged exposure of bare skin at temperatures of 60 degrees Fahrenheit to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. (2) Redness or pallor of affected areas. (3) Absence of pain (numb). (4) May have ulcerated bleeding skin lesions. Note. Freezing of superficial skin tissue may occur with frostnip; however, there is no freezing of the deeper tissues. b. Frostbite. If the signs and symptoms are as follows, go to step 2b. (1) Superficial. (a) Loss of sensation or numb feeling in any part of the body. (b) Sudden whitening of the skin in the affected area followed by a momentary tingling feeling. (c) Redness of skin in light-skinned soldiers, grayish coloring in dark-skinned soldiers. (2) Deep. (a) Blisters. (b) Swelling or tender areas. (c) Loss of previous feeling of pain in the affected area. (d) Pale, yellowish, waxy-looking skin. (e) Frozen area feels solid or wooden to the touch. 081-831-1045 3-97 Performance Steps c. Immersion foot/trench foot. If the signs and symptoms are as follows, go to step 2c. (1) Long exposure of feet to wet conditions at temperatures from 50 degrees Fahrenheit to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. (2) Early stage/first phase. (a) Affected area feels cold. (b) Numb and painless. (3) Later stage/advanced phase. (a) Limbs feel hot and burning. (b) Shooting pains. (c) Affected area is pale with bluish cast. (d) Pulse strength decreased. (e) Other signs that may follow include blisters, swelling, redness, heat, hemorrhages, or gangrene. d. Snow blindness. If the signs and symptoms are as follows, go to step 2d. (1) Scratchy feeling in eyes, as if from sand or dirt. (2) Watery eyes. (3) Redness. (4) Headache. (5) Increased pain with exposure to light. e. Hypothermia. If the signs and symptoms are as follows, go to step 2e. (1) Mild hypothermia (body temperature 90 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit). Note. This condition should be suspected in any chronically ill person who is found in an environment of less than 50 degrees Fahrenheit. CAUTION With generalized hypothermia, the entire body has cooled with the core temperature below 95 degrees Fahrenheit. (Temperature is provided as a guide; the common soldier probably would not have a thermometer to use.) This is a medical emergency. (a) Conscious, but usually apathetic or lethargic. (b) Shivering. (c) Pale cold skin. (d) Slurred speech. 3-98 081-831-1045 Performance Steps or lower). (e) Poor muscle coordination. (f) Faint pulse. (2) Severe hypothermia (body temperature 90 degrees Fahrenheit (a) Breathing slow and shallow. (b) Irregular heart action. (c) Pulse weaker or absent. (d) Stupor or unconsciousness. (e) Ice cold skin. (f) Rigid muscles. (g) Glassy eyed. CAUTION Hypothermia is a medical emergency. Prompt medical treatment is necessary. Casualty should be evacuated to medical treatment facility immediately. f. Dehydration (cold weather). If the signs and symptoms are as follows, go to step 2f. (1) Mouth, tongue, and throat are parched and dry. (2) Swallowing is difficult. (3) Nausea and dizziness. (4) Fainting. (5) Tired and weak. (6) Muscle cramps especially in the legs. (7) Focusing eyes may be difficult. 2. Perform first aid for the cold injury. a. Chilblain/frostnip. (1) Apply rewarming (body heat). (a) Apply warmth with casualty's bare hands. (b) Blow warm air on the affected area. (c) For hands and fingertips, place hands in armpits. (2) Protect lesions (if present) with dry sterile dressing. (3) Seek medical aid. CAUTION Do not rub or massage area. Note. If the condition does not respond to simple care, begin first aid for frostbite. 081-831-1045 3-99 Performance Steps b. Frostbite. CAUTION DO NOT— Rub snow on the frostbitten part. Massage or rub the frostbitten part. Use dry or radiant heat to rewarm. Rupture blisters. Use ointments or other medications on the part. Handle a frostbitten extremity roughly. Allow a thawed extremity to refreeze. Allow the casualty to use alcohol or tobacco products. (1) Warm the area using firm, steady pressure of hands, underarm, or abdomen. (2) Face, ears, nose—cover with hands (casualty's or a buddy's). (3) Hands—open casualty's field jacket and place against the body (under armpits if possible), then close the jacket. (4) Feet—remove boots, socks, and place feet under clothing and against the body of another soldier. CAUTION Do not remove clothing in a chemical environment. WARNING Do not attempt to thaw the casualty's feet, or other seriously frozen areas, if the soldier will be required to walk or travel to a medical center to receive medical treatment. The possibility of injury from walking is less when the feet are frozen than after they have been thawed (if possible, avoid walking). Thawing in the field increases the possibility of infection, gangrene, or injury. (5) Loosen or remove constricting clothing and remove any jewelry. (6) Increase insulation (cover with blanket or something similar and dry). (7) Have the casualty exercise as much as possible, avoiding trauma to injured part(s). (8) Seek medical aid. (Evacuate the casualty.) WARNING Monitor the casualty for life-threatening conditions and apply appropriate first aid as necessary. c. Immersion foot/trench foot. 3-100 081-831-1045 Performance Steps (1) Gradually rewarm by exposing to warm air. (2) Protect affected parts from trauma. (3) Dry feet thoroughly and avoid walking. (4) Elevate the affected part. (5) Seek medical treatment. (Evacuate the casualty.) d. Snow blindness. (1) Cover the eyes with a dark cloth. (2) Seek medical treatment. (Evacuate the casualty.) e. Hypothermia. CAUTION This is a medical emergency! Prompt medical treatment is necessary. (1) Mild. (a) Rewarm body evenly. (Must provide heat source--campfire or other soldier's body.) Note. Merely placing the casualty in a sleeping bag or covering with a blanket is not enough since the casualty is unable to generate his own body heat. (b) Keep dry and protect from the elements. (c) Give warm liquids gradually if the casualty is conscious. (d) Seek medical treatment immediately. (2) Severe. (a) Stabilize the temperature. (b) Attempt to avoid further heat loss. (c) Evacuate to the nearest medical treatment facility as soon as possible. Note. Rewarming a severely hypothermic casualty in the field is extremely dangerous. There is a great possibility of complications such as rewarming shock and disturbance in the rhythm of the heartbeat. WARNING Monitor the casualty for life-threatening conditions. f. Dehydration. (1) Keep warm. (2) Loosen clothes to improve circulation. (3) Give fluids for fluid replacement. 081-831-1045 3-101 Performance Steps Note. Medical personnel will determine the need for salt replacement. (4) Rest. (5) Seek medical assistance. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Have a soldier play the part of the cold injury casualty. Select one type of cold injury on which to evaluate the soldier. Coach the simulated casualty on how to answer questions about symptoms. Physical signs and symptoms that the casualty cannot readily simulate (for example blisters) must be described to the soldier. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to determine what cold injury the casualty has. After the cold injury has been identified, ask the soldier to describe the proper treatment. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Identified the type of cold injury. —— —— 2. Provided the proper first aid for the cold injury. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all the performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1046 Transport a Casualty Conditions: You have evaluated and given first aid to a casualty. You need to move the casualty to get further medical aid. There may or may not be other soldiers to help. Necessary equipment and materials: two pistol belts or rifle slings or improvised material that will not cut or bind the casualty (cravat bandages or litter straps), poncho, shirts or jackets, and poles or tree limbs. Standards: Transported the casualty using an appropriate carry without dropping or causing further injury to the casualty. 3-102 081-831-1046 Performance Steps 1. Select an appropriate carry for the casualty. Warning Do not use manual carries to move a casualty with a neck or spine injury, unless a life-threatening hazard is in the immediate area. Seek medical personnel for guidance on how to move and transport the casualty. a. Fireman's carry. Use for an unconscious or severely injured casualty. b. Support carry. Use for a casualty who is able to walk or hop on one leg. c. Arms carry. Use for short distances only, for a casualty who is unable to walk. d. Saddleback carry. Use for a conscious casualty only. e. Pack-strap carry. Use for carrying a casualty moderate distances. f. Pistol-belt carry. Use for long distances. This carry allows the hands of the casualty and bearer to be free. g. Pistol-belt drag. Use in combat, generally for short distances. h. Neck drag. Use in combat, generally for short distances. CAUTION Do not use the neck drag if the casualty has a broken arm or a suspected neck injury. i. Cradle-drop drag. Use to move a casualty who cannot walk when being moved up or down stairs. Two-man support carry. j. Use for both conscious and unconscious casualties. k. Two-man arms carry. Use for moderate distances and for placing a casualty on a litter. Note. In extreme emergencies, the two-man arms carry is the safest for transporting a casualty with a back or neck injury. If possible, use two more bearers to keep the casualty's head and legs in alignment with his body. l. Two-man fore-and-aft carry. a casualty on a litter. m. Two-hand seat carry. and for placing him on a litter. Use for long distances and for placing Use for carrying a casualty short distances 081-831-1046 3-103 Performance Steps n. Four-hand seat carry. Use for moderate distances for a casualty who is conscious and can stand but not walk. Can be used to place a casualty on a litter and is especially useful in transporting a casualty with a head or foot injury. o. Use litters if materials are available, if the casualty must be moved a long distance, or if manual carries will cause further injury. 2. Perform the carry. a. Fireman's carry. (1) Kneel at the casualty's uninjured side. (2) Place casualty's arms above the head. (3) Cross the ankle on the injured side over the opposite ankle. (4) Place one of your hands on the shoulder farther from you and your other hand on his hip or thigh. (5) Roll the casualty toward you onto his abdomen. (6) Straddle the casualty. (7) Place your hands under the casualty's chest and lock them together. (8) Lift the casualty to his knees as you move backward. (9) Continue to move backward, thus straightening the casualty's legs and locking the knees. (10) Walk forward, bringing the casualty to a standing position but tilted slightly backward to prevent the knees from buckling. (11) Maintain constant support of the casualty with one arm. Free your other arm, quickly grasp his wrist, and raise the arm high. (12) Instantly pass your head under the casualty's raised arm, releasing it as you pass under it. (13) Move swiftly to face the casualty. (14) Secure your arms around his waist. (15) Immediately place your foot between his feet and spread them (approximately 6 to 8 inches apart). (16) Again grasp the casualty's wrist and raise the arm high above your head. (17) Bend down and pull the casualty's arm over and down your shoulder bringing his body across your shoulders. At the same time pass your arm between the legs. (18) Grasp the casualty's wrist with one hand while placing your other hand on your knee for support. 3-104 081-831-1046 Performance Steps Note. (19) Rise with the casualty correctly positioned. Your other hand is free for use as needed. b. Support carry. (1) Raise the casualty to a standing position as in the fireman's carry. (2) Grasp the casualty's wrist and draw his arm around your neck. (3) Place your arm around his waist. Note. The casualty is thus able to walk using you as a crutch. c. Arms carry. (1) Raise the casualty to a standing position as in the fireman's carry. (2) Place one arm under the casualty's knees and your other arm around his back. (3) Lift the casualty carrying him high to lessen fatigue. d. Saddleback carry. (1) Raise the casualty to a standing position as in the fireman's carry. (2) Support the casualty by placing an arm around his waist. (3) Move in front with your back to him. (4) Have the casualty encircle your neck with his arms. (5) As you stoop, raise the casualty upon your back. (6) Clasp your hands together beneath his thighs if possible. e. Pack-strap carry. Note. In this carry the casualty's weight rests high on the bearer's back. To eliminate the possibility of injury to the casualty's arms, the bearer must hold the casualty's arms in a palms-down position. (1) Raise the casualty to a standing position as in the fireman's carry. (2) Supporting the casualty with your arms around him, grasp the wrist closer to you. (3) Place the arm over your head and across your shoulder. (4) Move in front of the casualty while supporting his weight against your back. (5) Grasp the other wrist. (6) Place this arm over your shoulder. 081-831-1046 3-105 Performance Steps (7) Bending forward, hoist the casualty as high on your back as possible so all his weight is resting on your back. f. Pistol-belt carry. (1) Link two pistol belts (or three, if necessary) together to form a sling. Note. If pistol belts are not available for use, other items, such as one rifle sling, two cravat bandages, two litter straps, or any suitable material that will not cut or bind the casualty may be used. (2) Place the sling under the casualty's thighs and lower back so a loop extends from each side. (3) Lie face up between the casualty's outstretched legs. (4) Thrust your arms through the loops. (5) Grasp the hand and trouser leg on the casualty's injured side. (6) Roll toward the casualty's uninjured side onto your abdomen, bringing him onto your back. (7) Adjust the sling as necessary. (8) Rise to a kneeling position. Note. The belt will hold the casualty in place. (9) Placing one hand on your knee for support, rise to an upright position. Note. The casualty is now supported on your shoulders. (10) Carry the casualty with your hands free for use in rifle firing, climbing banks, or surmounting obstacles. g. Pistol-belt drag. (1) Extend two pistol belts (or three, if necessary) or similar objects to their full length and join them together to make one loop. (2) Roll the casualty onto his back. (3) Pass the loop over the casualty's head and position it across his chest and under the armpits. (4) Cross the remaining portion of the loop forming a figure eight. Note. Keep tension on the belts so they do not become unhooked. (5) Lie on your side facing the casualty, resting on your elbow. (6) Slip the loop over your arm and shoulder on which you are leaning. (7) Turn away from the casualty onto your abdomen so you can drag the casualty as you crawl. 3-106 081-831-1046 Performance Steps h. Neck drag. WARNING Do not use the neck drag if the casualty has a broken and/or fractured arm or a suspected neck injury. If the casualty is unconscious, protect his head from the ground. (1) Tie the casualty's hands together at the wrists. (If conscious, the casualty may clasp his hands together around your neck.) (2) Straddle the casualty in a kneeling face-to-face position. (3) Loop the casualty's tied hands over and/or around your neck. (4) Crawl forward, looking ahead, dragging the casualty with you. i. Cradle drop drag. (1) With the casualty lying on his back, kneel at the head. (2) Slide your hands, palms up, under the casualty's shoulders. (3) Get a firm hold under his armpits. (4) Partially rise, supporting the casualty's head on one of your forearms. Note. You may bring your elbows together and let the casualty's head rest on both of your forearms. (5) With the casualty in a semi-sitting position, rise and drag the casualty backwards. (6) Back down the steps (or up if appropriate), supporting the casualty's head and body and letting the hips and legs drop from step to step. j. Two-man support carry. (1) Two bearers help the casualty to his feet and support him with their arms around his waist. (2) The bearers grasp the casualty's wrists and draw his arms around their necks. k. Two-man arms carry. Note. In extreme emergencies, when there is no time to obtain a board, this carry is the safest for transporting a casualty with a back and/or neck injury. Use two additional bearers to keep the head and legs in alignment with the body. (1) Two bearers kneel at one side of the casualty and place their arms beneath the casualty's back (shoulders), waist, hips, and knees. 081-831-1046 3-107 Performance Steps (2) The bearers lift the casualty as they rise to their knees. Keep the casualty's body level to prevent unnecessary movement and further injury. (3) As the bearers rise to their feet, they turn the casualty toward their chests. To lessen fatigue, bearers should carry the casualty high and as close to their chests as possible. l. Two-man fore-and-aft carry. (1) Position the casualty on his back, if necessary. (2) The taller of the bearers kneels at the casualty's head. (3) The shorter bearer spreads the casualty's legs and kneels between the legs with his back to the casualty. (4) The shorter bearer positions his hands behind the casualty's knees. (5) The taller bearer kneels at the casualty's head, slides his hands under the casualty's arms and across the chest, and locks his (bearer's) hands together. (6) The bearers rise together while lifting the casualty. Note. The alternate method, with both bearers facing the casualty, is useful for placing the casualty on a litter. m. Two-hand seat carry. (1) Position the casualty on his back, if necessary. (2) A bearer kneels on each side of the casualty at the hips. (3) Each bearer passes his arms under the casualty's thighs and back, and grasps the other bearer's wrists. (4) The bearers rise while lifting the casualty. n. Four-hand seat carry. (1) Each bearer grasps one of his own wrists and one of the other bearer's wrists to form a packsaddle. (2) The bearers lower themselves sufficiently for the casualty to sit on the packsaddle. (3) The casualty places his arms around the bearers' shoulders for support. (4) The bearers rise to an upright position. o. Improvised litter. (1) Use the poncho and two poles or limbs. 3-108 081-831-1046 Performance Steps (a) Open the poncho and lay the two poles lengthwise across the center forming three equal sections. (b) Reach in and pull the hood up toward you and lay it flat on the poncho. (c) (d) Fold one section of the poncho over the first pole. Fold the remaining section of the poncho over the second pole to the first pole. (2) Use shirts or jackets and two poles or limbs. (a) Button two or three shirts or jackets and turn them inside out leaving the sleeves inside. (b) Lay the shirts or jackets on the ground and pass the poles through the sleeves. (3) Place the casualty on the litter by using any of the following carries: (a) One-man arms carry. (b) Two-man arms carry. (c) Two-man fore-and-aft carry. (d) Two-hand seat carry. (e) Four-hand seat carry. (4) Lift the litter. (a) Raise the litter together. (b) Keep the litter as level as possible. Note. Use caution when transporting on a slope, incline, and/or hill. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: For the one-man carries, you will need another soldier to play the part of the casualty and for the two-man carries, two soldiers will be needed. In the two-man carry, one soldier will be the casualty and the other will help the soldier who is being tested. Tell the casualty what the injuries are and whether he is conscious or unconscious. Obtain appropriate materials (strip of cloth, pistol belts, poles, branches, poncho, blanket, etc.) as necessary, to test the carries. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier that the casualty has been given first aid. Describe a situation in terms of the casualty's injuries, whether the casualty is conscious or unconscious, whether enemy fire can be expected or not, and what distance (short, moderate, or long) the casualty must be moved. Tell the soldier to transport the casualty using an appropriate carry. 081-831-1046 3-109 Note: Do not make the situation too complex and remember, when scoring the soldier, that two or more of the carries might be appropriate for the situation. The most important thing is that the selected carry should not cause further injury to the casualty and should not endanger the lives of the two soldiers. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Selected the appropriate method of transporting the casualty. —— —— 2. Performed the carry. —— —— 3. Did not cause further unnecessary injury. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 4-25.11 081-831-1053 Practice Individual Preventive Medicine Countermeasures Conditions: You are a soldier deployed to a unit in the field. Necessary equipment and materials will vary depending on physical environment and climate: water, food, uniforms, replacement clothing, barrier creams and lotions, standard military skin extended-duration repellent lotion, permethrin aerosol clothing repellent, d-phenothrin aerosol area spray, malaria pills, soap, mosquito bednet, iodine tablets, canteen, covered container, plastic bags, earplugs, foot powder, talcum powder, razor, toothbrush, dental floss, and an entrenching tool. Standards: Applied preventive medicine countermeasures to protect, as appropriate, against cold, heat, biting insects, diarrhea and dysentery, hearing loss, skin infections, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and foot problems. Practiced oral hygiene, proper disposal of waste, and Army tobacco use rules. Performance Steps 1. Apply proper preventive medicine measures (PMMs) for protection against cold injuries. a. Wear layers of loose clothing. 3-110 081-831-1053 Performance Steps Note. Minimize sweating. When clothing becomes wet or dirty, it loses its ability to provide warmth. (1) Remove layers of clothing before doing strenuous work. WARNING Do not remove protective clothing in a chemical environment. (2) Replace layers of clothing when your strenuous work is completed. (3) Launder clothing regularly. b. Exercise to increase blood circulation. (1) Tighten and relax arm and leg muscles, fingers, and toes. (2) Use hands to massage and warm the face. (3) Refrain from smoking because it restricts blood flow to the skin. WARNING Physical and mental weariness contribute to inactivity, reduced heat, and increased chance for cold injury. c. Change socks. (1) Put on dry socks during rest breaks to reduce the risk of frostbite and trench foot. WARNING Severe frostbite and trench foot can result in the loss of hands or feet. (2) Put damp socks inside the shirt to dry. d. Prevent dehydration. (1) Drink sufficient fluids (potable water, juices, and warm nonalcoholic beverages). Note. Drinking a sufficient amount of potable water in cold weather is as important as it is in hot weather. In cold weather, you may not realize that your body is losing fluids and salt. Sweat evaporates rapidly or is absorbed so completely by the layers of clothing that it is seldom visible on the skin. (2) Rest when possible. e. Pair with a buddy. (1) Remind each other to do warming exercises often. (2) Watch for signs of cold injury such as frostbite, trench foot, and hypothermia. 081-831-1053 3-111 Performance Steps 2. Apply proper PMMs for protection against heat injuries. a. Drink sufficient amounts of water. Note. Your body needs a minimum amount of water for cooling, waste elimination, and metabolism. Any attempt to train the body to use less water can be harmful and may lead to heat injuries. (1) Hourly fluid intake should not exceed 1 1⁄2 quarts of water every hour. Daily fluid intake should not exceed 12 quarts. If your urine is dark yellow, you are not drinking enough water. (2) Fluid intake needs will vary depending on type of work and temperature (see table 081-831-1053-1 and figure 081-831-1053-1). 3-112 081-831-1053 Performance Steps Table 081-831-1053-1. *Fluid Replacement Policy for Warm Weather *(Average acclimated soldier wearing BDU, Hot Weather) Easy Work Moderate Work Hard Work Heat Category WBGT Index ° F Work/ Rest Water intake Qt/hr Work Rest Water Intake, Qt/hr Work Rest Water Intake, Qt/hr 1* 78 – 81.9 NL 1⁄2 NL 3⁄4 40/20 min 3⁄4 2 (green) 82 – 84.9 NL 1⁄2 50/10 min 3⁄4 30/30 min 1 3 (yellow) 85 – 87.9 NL 3⁄4 40/20 min 3⁄4 30/30 min 1 4 (red) 88 – 89.9 NL 3⁄4 30/30 min 3⁄4 20/40 min 1 5** (black) >90 50/10 min 1 20/40 min 1 10/50 min 1 Caution Hourly fluid intake should not exceed 1 1⁄2 quarts. Daily fluid intake should not exceed 12 quarts. *Work/rest times and fluid replacement volumes will sustain performance and hydration for at least 4 hours of work in the specified heat category. Individual water needs will vary ± 1⁄4 quarts per hour. *NL = no limit to work time per hour. Rest means minimal physical activity (sitting or standing) and should be accomplished in shade if possible. Wearing body armor adds 5 degrees Fahrenheit to WBGT Index. *Wearing all MOPP overgarments adds 10 degrees Fahrenheit to WBGT Index. **Suspend physical training and strenuous activity. If an operational (nontraining) mission requires strenuous activity, enforce water intake to minimize expected heat injuries. 081-831-1053 3-113 Performance Steps *Examples of Categories of Work Easy Work Moderate Work Hard Work Weapon maintenance Walking on hard surface at 2.5 mph, ≤ 30-lb load. Manual of arms. Marksmanship training. Drill and ceremony. Walking on loose sand at 2.5 mph, no load. Walking on hard surface at 3.5 mph, < 40-lb load. Calisthenics Patrolling. Individual movement techniques, such as low crawl, high crawl. Defensive position construction. Field assaults. Walking on loose sand at 2.5 mph with load. Walking on hard surface at 3.5 mph, ≥ 40-lb load. Figure 081-831-1053-1. Examples of work categories (3) Drink extra water before combat operations. (4) Maintain excess water in your system for strength and alertness. (5) Protect yourself from dehydration and heat injuries associated with wearing full chemical protective gear. b. Rest whenever possible. (1) Take rest breaks in accordance with the heat condition table as the tactical situation permits. (2) Use rest breaks to drink water and to cool off. c. Eat meals. (1) Eat regular meals daily to replace salt lost through heavy sweating. (2) Eat something at each meal, even if you are not hungry. Note. Usually, eating field rations or liberal salting of the garrison diet will provide enough salt. Excess intake of salt should be avoided. d. Protect yourself from exposure. (1) Wear uniform properly. (2) Provide shade whenever possible. (3) Use barrier creams and lotions. 3. Apply proper PMMs for protection against arthropod (insect) bites and arthropod-borne diseases. a. Apply extended-duration arthropod repellent lotion. 3-114 081-831-1053 Performance Steps Note. Extended-duration arthropod repellent lotion can be used on the skin. (1) Apply lotion on exposed skin except the eyes, lips, and sensitive skin. (2) Spread lotion two inches under edges of battle dress uniform (BDU). (3) Keep the lotion away from flame or excessive heat. (4) Wipe hands after application. Note. Do not wear after-shave lotion or cologne in the field; they attract biting or stinging arthropods (insects). b. Apply permethrin clothing repellent. Use either the IDAA kit (most effective) or the aerosol formulation. (1) Apply permethrin according to the product label. (2) Use only on fabric. (3) Do not apply to skin. (4) Do not treat BDUs while being worn. (5) Treat outside of BDU, insect headnet, and mosquito bednet. (6) Do not treat underwear or inside the cap. (7) Avoid breathing vapors. (8) Dry clothing (BDUs) thoroughly prior to wearing. c. Wear uniform properly. (1) Tuck pant legs into boots, roll sleeves down, and close collar. (2) Wear uniform loosely. (3) Check clothing frequently. (4) Use buddy system to check areas of body not easily seen during self-examination. d. Take malaria pills to protect against malaria parasites. (Use in the manner prescribed for your unit.) e. Clean and inspect yourself. Wash yourself daily or as often as the tactical situation permits. f. Clean and inspect your clothing. (1) Wash your uniform to remove arthropods and their eggs. (2) Use available military laundry service or scrub your clothing and yourself with soap and water. g. Use your bednet when sleeping. (1) Suspend bednet above sleeping area. 081-831-1053 3-115 Performance Steps (2) Tuck edges of bednet under the sleeping pad or bag. (3) Treat the bednet with permethrin aerosol clothing repellent. (4) Spray interior space with d-phenothrin aerosol spray insecticide. (5) Avoid breathing vapors. (6) Do not use permethrin clothing repellent or d-phenothrin aerosol spray insecticide on skin. 4. Apply proper PMMs for protection against water-borne and food-borne diseases. a. Identify the indications of diarrhea and dysentery. (1) Diarrhea is an intestinal disorder characterized by abnormally frequent and watery bowel movements. (2) Dysentery is an infectious disease characterized by stomach pain and diarrhea with passage of mucus and blood. b. Purify your drinking water if treated water is not available. Note. Before using iodine tablets, check them for physical change. If they are old, they can lose their disinfecting ability. Tablets that are not uniformly steel gray or that are stuck together or crumbled should not be used. (1) Fill your canteen with the cleanest, clearest water available. (2) Add iodine tablets. (a) Add two tablets to a one-quart canteen of water. (b) Double the amount of tablets if a two-quart canteen is used. (3) Replace the cap. (4) Wait five minutes for the tablets to dissolve. (5) Shake the canteen to mix the contents. (6) Disinfect the canteen cap threads. (a) Loosen the cap. (b) Tip the canteen over and squeeze to allow leakage around the canteen threads. (c) Turn the canteen right side up. (d) Tighten the cap. (7) Wait 30 additional minutes before drinking. c. Obtain food and drink from an approved source. (1) Obtain food, drink, and ice only from medically approved sources. 3-116 081-831-1053 Performance Steps Note. have approved them. Do not obtain food, drink, and ice from vendors unless medical personnel (2) Obtain food from the dining facility when possible. d. Wash your hands for at least 30 seconds— (1) After using the latrine. (2) Before touching eating utensils or food. (3) After eating. (4) After smoking. e. Dispose of food waste properly. (1) Place it in a covered container to keep pests out and to prevent breeding of flies. (2) Use plastic bags if you have dumpster-type receptacles and regular waste pick-up. (3) Bury waste if you are in the field and do not have waste pick-up or other disposal methods available. Note. Before burying any waste, obtain prior approval by contacting either the logistics or the preventive medicine section. 5. Apply proper PMMs for protection against hearing loss. a. Wear protective devices such as earplugs, ear canal caps, or earmuffs. b. Wear vehicle headgear such as helicopter crew helmets and armored vehicle crew helmets. c. Keep hearing protection devices clean to avoid ear infections. d. Avoid noise and/or limit the time in noise hazardous areas. 6. Apply proper PMMs to prevent skin infections. a. Bathe frequently. Take a full bath at least once every week. If showers or baths are not available, use a washcloth daily to wash. (1) Genital area. (2) Armpits. (3) Feet. (4) Other areas where you sweat or which become wet (between thighs or, for females, under breasts). b. Keep skin dry. (1) Use foot powder on your feet (especially if you have had fungal infections in the past). 081-831-1053 3-117 Performance Steps (2) Use talcum powder in areas where wetness is a problem. (Cornstarch may be used as a substitute for talcum powder.) c. Change to clean clothing after a full bath. (1) Wear loose-fitting uniforms to allow for better ventilation and blood circulation. (2) Wear proper clothing. Note. Do not wear nylon or silk-type undergarments. Cotton undergarments allow more evaporation of moisture. d. Shave facial hair often enough to be clean shaven (males only) to allow a tight fit of the protective mask. 7. Apply proper PMMs for care of the feet. a. Before movement. (1) Wear the proper type of footgear correctly fitted and broken in. (2) Wear clean socks free of holes or knotty darns. (3) Use foot powder. (4) Treat and protect blisters, pressure spots, and infections before movement. b. During movement. (1) Keep feet as dry as possible. (2) Change socks (if possible) for dry ones when they become damp or wet. (3) Dry socks by putting them under your shirt around your waist. (4) Relieve tender pressure spots on the feet by adjusting gear. (5) Dust the feet with foot powder once or twice daily. c. Inspect feet at rest periods. (1) Wash feet during the noon break if possible. (2) Raise feet while resting to help reduce congestion and swelling. d. Take care of blisters. (1) Wash the blister and the surrounding area with soap and water. (2) Seek medical treatment for painful blisters or signs of infection such as redness, throbbing, and drainage. 8. Practice good oral hygiene. a. Brush your teeth after every meal if possible. b. Use dental floss at least once a day. c. Rinse your mouth with potable water after brushing and flossing. 3-118 081-831-1053 Performance Steps 9. Protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). a. Use a condom (rubber). Note. Individuals should use a condom during vaginal, anal, or oral sex when there is a possibility of acquiring an infection. b. Avoid high-risk sexual behaviors. (1) Having more than one sexual partner. (2) Changing sex partners frequently. (3) Having sex with casual partners, prostitutes, or their clients. (4) Sexual practices such as anal sex. c. Control alcohol intake (it affects your ability to use safe sex practices). 10. Protect against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Note. HIV is contagious in the same way STDs are contagious. Infection can result from a sexual relationship with an infected person. Sexual contact is not the only way to contract HIV but is a major contributor. a. Prevent sexual transmission—know your partner. Avoid having sex with persons who might be infected with HIV. At highest risk are those who have more than one sex partner, or who have unprotected sex with casual partners, prostitutes or their clients, partners who are HIV infected, or who share needles with others, b. Prevent transmission through shared needles or syringes—do not use injected, nonprescribed drugs. Note. There is presently no cure for AIDS and no vaccine to prevent HIV infection. 11. Apply proper PMMs for disposal of waste. a. For human waste— (1) Use unit latrine. (2) Use cat-hole latrine. (a) Use only on the march. (b) Cover immediately after use. (3) Use a straddle trench for 1-3 day bivouac. b. For other waste— (1) Bury—less than one week in the field. (2) Incinerate —longer than one week in the field. 12. Apply the Army's tobacco use policies. 081-831-1053 3-119 Performance Steps a. Effects of tobacco use. (1) Long term health costs. (2) Diseases/conditions related to tobacco use. (3) Effects on health of nonsmokers. (4) Use of smokeless tobacco. b. Effects on soldiers' performance and health. (1) Increases number of sick call visits. (2) Decreases readiness. (3) Decreases night vision. (4) Decreases hand-eye coordination. (5) Decreases stamina. (6) Increases cold weather injuries. (7) Increases overall number of injuries. (8) Leads to addiction. c. Army tobacco policies in accordance with AR 600-63. d. Available resources for tobacco use cessation. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate this task during a field training exercise (FTX) or during a normal training session. If the evaluation is conducted during an FTX, the environmental and physical conditions at the FTX will be used as the scenario for which preventive medicine countermeasures are implemented. If the evaluation is done during a normal training session, create the scenario to include environmental and physical conditions. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier he will be evaluated on his ability to apply the appropriate preventive medicine countermeasures. The soldier will respond to appropriate performance measures. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Protected against cold. —— —— 2. Protected against heat. —— —— 3. Protected against arthropod bites and arthropod- borne diseases. —— —— 4. Protected against water-borne and food-borne diseases. —— —— 5. Protected against hearing loss. —— —— 3-120 081-831-1053 Performance Measures GO NO GO 6. Prevented skin infections. —— —— 7. Provided care for the feet. —— —— 8. Practiced good oral hygiene. —— —— 9. Protected against sexually transmitted diseases. —— —— 10. Protected against AIDS. —— —— 11. Disposed of waste properly. —— —— 12. Identified the Army's policies of tobacco use. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related AR 600-63 FM 21-10 FM 4-25.11 SUBJECT AREA 3: NUCLEAR, BIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL (NBC) 031-503-1013 Decontaminate Yourself and Individual Equipment Using Chemical Decontaminating Kits Conditions: You are at mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) 2 given the assigned protective mask, protective gloves, a full canteen of water, a poncho, load-bearing equipment (LBE), assigned decontaminating kit(s), and applicable technical manuals (TMs). Your skin is contaminated or has been exposed to chemical agents, or you have passed through a chemically contaminated area. Standards: Decontaminate yourself and your individual equipment using chemical decontaminating kits. Start the steps to decontaminate your skin and eyes within 1 minute after you found they were contaminated. 031-503-1013 3-121 Decontaminate all exposed skin and your eyes as necessary before chemical agent symptoms occur. Decontaminate all personal equipment for liquid contamination after decontaminating your skin, face, and eyes. Performance Steps 1. Assume MOPP3. 2. Decontaminate your skin using the M291 decontaminating kit according to TM 3-4230-229-10. CAUTION The M291 decontaminating kit is for external use only. Keep decontaminating powder out of your eyes, cuts, and wounds. The decontaminating powder may slightly irritate your skin or eyes. Use water to wash the toxic agent out of your eyes, cuts, or wounds. DANGER Death or injury may result if you breathe toxic agents while decontaminating your face. If you need to breathe before you finish, reseal your mask, clear it, check it, get your breath, and then resume the decontaminating procedure. Note. After decontamination with water, cover exposed cuts or wounds with appropriate first aid wrap or bandages before handling the decontaminating package. CAUTION Keep the decontaminating powder out of your eyes, cuts, and wounds. Do not handle or hold leaking packets above your head, touch or rub your eyes with anything that has been in contact with the decontaminating powder, or touch your lips or the inside of your mouth with anything that has been in contact with the decontaminating powder. CAUTION Do not attempt to decontaminate a loaded weapon. Always unload, clear, and place weapons on safe before starting decontaminating procedures. CAUTION Immediate decontaminating techniques remove only the liquid hazard. Certain items may still present a vapor hazard. See your supervisor for unmasking procedures. a. Decontaminate your hands, your face, and the inside of your mask. b. Assume MOPP4. 3-122 031-503-1013 Performance Steps c. Remove the decontaminating powder with soap and water when operational conditions permit. 3. Decontaminate your individual equipment using the M295 decontaminating kit according to TM 3-4230-235-10. a. Use the first mitt to decontaminate your gloves, the exposed areas of your mask and hood, your weapon, and your helmet. b. Use the second mitt to decontaminate your LBE and accessories, your mask carrier, your overboots, and your gloves again. c. Remove the decontaminating powder when operational conditions permit. 4. Dispose of hazardous waste materials. a. Dispose of uncontaminated hazardous waste materials. (1) Dispose of expended or unserviceable materials according to federal, state, and local laws; military regulations and publications; host nation laws (if more restrictive than United States [U.S.] laws); and local standing operating procedures (SOPs). (2) Place used decontaminating materials in a sealed plastic bag, and label it with the contents (as a minimum). Give the bag to your supervisor. b. Dispose of contaminated hazardous waste materials. Inform your supervisor of the status of contaminated hazardous waste. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: A good time to evaluate this task is while in a field environment. Gather materials for disposal of hazardous waste according to federal, state, and local rules and regulations. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier what body parts and equipment are contaminated. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Assumed MOPP3. —— —— 2. Decontaminated his skin using the M291 decontaminating kit. —— —— 3. Decontaminated his individual equipment using the M295 decontaminating kit. —— —— 4. Disposed of hazardous waste materials. Complied with all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. —— —— 031-503-1013 3-123 Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier fails any performance measure, show him what he did wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 3-5 FM 3-4 TM 3-4230-229-10 TM 3-4230-235-10 031-503-1015 Protect Yourself from NBC Injury/Contamination with Mission-Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) Gear Conditions: You are given MOPP gear (chemical protective overgarment, mask, hood, overboots, protective gloves, individual decontamination kits, and antidotes), and one of the following situations in a chemically contaminated tactical enviornment: 1. You are ordered to achieve MOPP4. 2. You learn that a chemical attack is about to happen. 3. You must enter an area where chemical agents have been used. 4. You recognize a chemical hazard. 5. You are attacked with chemical agents without warning. Standards: Protect yourself from nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) injury or contamination with MOPP gear. Perform all steps in sequence and achieve MOPP4 within 8 minutes. Performance Steps 1. Put on MOPP gear for MOPP1. a. Don the trousers. (1) Put on the overgarment trousers over your normal duty uniform or over your undergarments in hot weather. (2) Secure the trousers by snapping and zipping them and adjusting the waistband for a snug fit. (3) Do not fasten the bottom of the trousers at this time. b. Don the jacket. (1) Put on the overgarment jacket. 3-124 031-503-1015 Performance Steps (2) Zip it up. (3) Fasten the snaps. c. Secure the jacket to the trousers by snapping the three snaps across the back of the jacket to the trousers. 2. Put on additional MOPP gear (protective overboots) to reach MOPP2. a. Put on the older model chemical protective overboots over your leather combat boots, lacing them according to the instructions provided in the package. Note. The older model has a single eyelet at the rear. (1) Don the cover on either foot by centering your foot on the sole. (2) Smooth the excess material as flat as possible. (3) Lace the overboots. (a) Thread the lace through the front eyelet so the ends are the same length. (b) Tie a single hitch by passing one lace end through each eyelet from the inside to the outside, drawing each lace end tight. (c) Pass both ends through the rear eyelet from the inside to the outside. (d) (e) Bring the ends back through the side eyelets. Tighten the lace by working the slack out between the side and back eyelets. Note. The lace should hold the rear eyelet firmly against the boot. (4) Tie the lace tightly across the instep with a single hitch. (5) Wrap the excess lace around your leg, tying the ends with a reef or bow knot. b. Put on the newer model chemical protective overboots over your leather combat boots, lacing them according to the instructions provided in the package. Note. The newer model has two rear eyelets. (1) Don the cover on either foot by centering your foot on the sole. (2) Tuck the excess front material under the front of your foot. (3) Lace the overboots. (a) Thread the lace through the front eyelet so both ends are the same length. (b) Pass each lace end through a side eyelet from the inside to the outside. 031-503-1015 3-125 Performance Steps (c) (d) Draw the lace up tightly, fastening it with a single knot. Pass the ends through the rear eyelets from the inside to the outside. (e) Pull the lace up firmly, positioning the fishtails neatly at the sides of your ankle. (f) Tie the lace firmly with a single knot in front. (4) Wrap the loose lace ends around your leg, tying them firmly in front with a bow knot and tucking in the loose ends. c. Put on the green vinyl overboots over your leather combat boots, securing them by pulling the rubber bands around the metal buttons. d. Blouse the overgarment trouser legs over the chemical protective overboots. e. Secure the closures of the overgarment trouser legs by zipping and tying the drawstrings firmly. Note. The newer model method is being taught at the U.S. Army Chemical School. Units that still have the older model should continue to use the older model donning instructions. 3. Put on the protective mask with hood to reach MOPP3. a. Don the protective mask. b. Don the hood. c. Zip the hood (M17-series protective mask only). d. Adjust the neck cord. e. Attach the underarm straps. Note. The time standards for masking do not apply to this task. 4. Put on additional MOPP gear to reach MOPP4 within 8 minutes. a. Secure the MOPP gear by zipping all zippers and closing all closures. b. Put on the chemical protective gloves (rubber gloves and liners). c. Pull the elastic cuffs of the overgarment jacket sleeves over the cuffs of the chemical protective gloves. 3-126 031-503-1015 Performance Steps Note. After assuming MOPP4 and performing all the tasks according to the unit SOP, perform the following actions: 1. Use all means of NBC detection to check your surrounding area for the presence of contamination. 2. Contact higher headquarters (HQ) if no contamination is found or if you determine the attack was non-NBC. 3. Await further guidance. (Higher HQ contacts all adjacent/attached units to check the status of NBC contamination in their areas. If all units report the absence of contamination, the information is reported up the chain of command.) 4. Annotate the above actions on your duty log (Department of the Army [DA] Form 1594). Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate this task during a field exercise or during a normal training session. Gather all necessary MOPP gear and ensure that it is in good condition. Be ready to direct higher MOPP levels immediately as a soldier reaches a preceding level. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Put on MOPP gear for MOPP1. —— —— 2. Put on additional MOPP gear to reach MOPP2. —— —— 3. Put on the protective mask with hood to reach MOPP3. —— —— 4. Put on additional MOPP gear to reach MOPP4 within 8 minutes. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed . Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier fails any performance measure, show him what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related DA Form 1594 TM 3-4240-300-10-2 FM 3-4 TM 3-4240-279-10 TM 3-4240-280-10 031-503-1015 3-127 031-503-1017 Respond to Depleted Uranium Conditions: You are in a combat situation where DU munitions or weapon systems that may contain DU are in use or may be used, given a protective mask, gloves, first-aid supplies, Graphic Training Aid (GTA) 03-04-001A, and one of the following situations: 1. You encounter expended DU penetrators or parts of penetrators. 2. You encounter United States (U.S.) or foreign armored vehicles that have breached crew compartments. 3. You encounter a fire where DU munitions may be involved. Standards: Respond to DU and implement protective measures as required. Performance Steps Note. The presence of DU will not prevent accomplishment of mission and will not be a concern when actively engaged in direct combat. The presence of DU can only be positively confirmed with AN/VDR2 or AN/PDR77 radiation, detection, indication, and computation (RADIAC) meters. 1. Administer first aid for DU injuries and treat wounds according to the soldier's manual of common tasks (SMCT) task 081-831-1044.. 2. Identify DU hazard. a. Recognize expended or damaged DU penetrators or parts of penetrators. b. Recognize a breached armored vehicle crew compartment. c. Recognize fires that involve DU munitions. Note. There are no additional protective measures required for intact DU munitions beyond those standard for all munitions. 3. Protect yourself from contact with DU. a. Leave all penetrators alone and notify the chain of command of their location. b. Put on a protective mask and cover exposed skin (if required) to decontaminate the crew compartment of an armored vehicle that has been penetrated by an armor-piercing munition. c. Remain 50 meters or more from any armored vehicle or ammunition transport vehicle that is actively burning. Note. Standard field hygiene to include washing hands and face will help prevent the transfer and ingestion of DU. All munitions found on the battlefield should be considered potentially dangerous and left alone for removal by specially trained personnel. 3-128 031-503-1017 Performance Steps 4. Report known or suspected DU contamination to the chain of command. Medical personnel will be notified when casualties are determined or suspected to have been exposed to DU. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate this task during a field exercise or during a normal training session. Establish a situation where contamination may occur either from the presence of spent DU penetrators on the ground, the breaching of the armored vehicle, or a fire where DU munitions are involved. If an armored vehicle is available, simulate a DU penetrator impact and damage by any means possible. Brief soldier: Tell the soldier to identify the possible hazard and respond appropriately to the situation. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Administered first aid for DU injuries and treated wounds according to the SMCT. —— —— 2. Identified DU hazard. —— —— Note. The method used depends on the scenario. 3. Protected himself from contact with DU. —— —— a. Left all penetrators alone and notified the chain of command of their location.. b. Put on protective mask and covered exposed skin (if required) to decontaminate the crew compartment of an armored vehicle that was penetrated by an armor- piercing munition. c. Remained 50 meters or more from any armored vehicle or ammunition transport vehicle that was actively burning. 4. Reported known or suspected DU contamination to chain of command. Medical personnel were notified when casualties were determined or suspected to have —— —— been exposed to DU. Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier scores NO GO, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. 031-503-1017 3-129 References Required Related GTA 03-04-001A TB 9-1300-278 031-503-1018 React to Nuclear Hazard/Attack Conditions: You are in a tactical situation or an area where nuclear weapons have been or may have been used and are given load-bearing equipment (LBE), a piece of cloth or similar item, a brush or a broom, shielding material, Field Manual (FM) 3-3-1, and one of the following situations to respond to: 1. You see a brilliant flash of light. 2. You find a standard radiological contamination marker or an enemy marker. 3. You are told that fallout is in the area. 4. You receive instructions to respond to a nuclear attack. 5. You come across a suspected depleted uranium (DU) hazard. Standards: React to a nuclear hazard or attack without becoming a casualty of a nuclear attack with or without warning. Identify radiological contamination markers with 100 percent accuracy, and notify the supervisor. Start the steps to decontaminate yourself within 1 minute of finding radiological contamination. Decontaminate your individual equipment after you completely decontaminate yourself. Performance Steps 1. React to a nuclear attack without warning. a. Close your eyes immediately. b. Drop to the ground in a prone, head-on position. Note. If you are in the hatch of an armored vehicle, immediately drop down inside the vehicle. c. Keep your head and face down and your helmet on. d. Stay down until the blast wave passes and debris stops falling. e. Cover your mouth with a cloth or similar item to protect against inhalation of dust particles. f. Check for casualties and damaged equipment. 2. React to a nuclear attack with warning. a. Select and use the best available shelter (FM 3-3-1). 3-130 031-503-1018 Performance Steps (1) Move into a fighting position, bunker, or ditch. (2) Take protective actions if you are inside a shelter. (3) Remain in place if you are in an armored vehicle. b. Protect your eyes. c. Minimize exposed skin areas. d. Cover your mouth with a cloth or similar item to protect against inhalation of dust particles. 3. React to a radiological contamination marker. a. Avoid the area if possible. b. Cross the area quickly by the shortest route that exposes you to the least amount of radiation based on mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and civilian considerations (METT-TC). (1) Request crossing instructions if you must cross. (2) Make the maximum use of shielding. (3) Cover your mouth with a cloth or similar item to protect against inhalation of dust particles. c. Report the discovery of a marker to your supervisor. 4. Remove radiological contamination (including DU) from clothing, equipment, and exposed skin. a. Shake or brush contaminated dust (all dust is considered to be radioactive) from your clothing, equipment, and exposed skin with a brush, a broom, or your hands (if a brush or a broom is not available). b. Wash your body as soon as possible, giving special attention to hairy areas and underneath your fingernails. c. Conduct mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear exchange if you are contaminated with wet radioactive contamination. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate this task during a field exercise if possible. Select an area that provides several shelters that the soldier can choose from (an open area, a shallow ditch, a depression, or a foxhole with overhead cover). Evaluate the soldier's reaction to a nuclear attack without warning (brilliant flash of light) and with warning by having him stand in an open area with the nearest possible shelter no closer than 12 feet. You may simulate the attack by saying "BRILLIANT FLASH" or by using the flash attachment of a camera. Tell the soldier there will be a nuclear detonation within 2 minutes and to take the best available shelter. Evaluate the soldier's ability to react to radiological contamination markers by telling him to walk through the area (where a standard marker and a former Warsaw Pact marker have been 031-503-1018 3-131 placed) and take appropriate action. Evaluate the soldier's ability to remove radiological contamination. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier that a nuclear attack is imminent and that he must react to a nuclear attack with and without warning. Tell him that he must also react to nuclear contamination markers. Tell the soldier that after being exposed to nuclear radiation, he must take the steps for decontamination. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Reacted to a nuclear attack without warning. —— —— 2. Reacted to a nuclear attack with warning. —— —— 3. Reacted to a radiological contamination marker. —— —— 4. Removed radiological contamination (including DU) from clothing, equipment, and exposed skin. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier fails any performance measure, show him what was done wrong how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 3-3-1 FM 3-5 031-503-1019 React to Chemical or Biological Hazard/Attack Conditions: You are given mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) gear, a protective mask, individual decontaminating kits, and a tactical environment in which CB weapons have been or may be used by the enemy. You are in MOPP1, and one or more of the following automatic masking criteria happens: 1. A chemical alarm sounds. 2. A positive reading is obtained on detector paper. 3. Individuals exhibit symptoms of CB agent poisoning. 4. You observe a contamination marker. 5. Your supervisor tells you to mask. 6. You see personnel wearing protective masks. 7. You observe other signs of a possible CB attack. 3-132 031-503-1019 Standards: React to a chemical or biological hazard or attack without becoming a casualty. Identify chemical contamination markers with 100 percent accuracy, and notify supervisor. Start steps to decontaminate yourself within 1 minute of finding chemical contamination. Decontaminate your individual equipment after you completely decontaminate yourself. Performance Steps 1. Identify the CB hazard automatic masking criteria. a. Don your protective mask when there is a high probability of a chemical attack, when-- (1) A chemical alarm sounds. (2) A positive reading is obtained on detector paper. (3) Individuals exhibit symptoms of CB agent poisoning. (4) You observe a contamination marker. (5) Your supervisor tells you to mask. (6) You see personnel wearing protective masks. (7) You observe other signs of a possible CB attack. b. Respond to the commander's policy of automatic masking. Note. Commanders at all levels may establish a modified policy when chemical weapons have been employed by designating additional events as automatic masking criteria. 2. Protect yourself from CB contamination using your assigned protective mask without fastening the hood. Note. The mask gives immediate protection against inhalation of agent vapors. Do not fasten the hood. Go to the next step immediately. 3. Give the alarm. a. Yell "GAS." b. Give the appropriate hand-and-arm signal. 4. 5. 6. Take cover to reduce exposure, using whatever means is readily available. Decontaminate exposed skin using the individual decontaminating kit, as necessary. Assume MOPP4. Cover all your skin (your head and shoulders are already protected by the mask and the overgarment). a. Put on the gloves with liners. b. Zip and fasten the overgarment jacket. c. Secure the hood, then secure the overgarment to increase protection. 031-503-1019 3-133 Performance Steps d. Put on the overboots. Note. Combat boots provide protection but should be covered because they absorb chemicals. It takes a long time to put on the overboots, so put them on last in an emergency. 7. Decontaminate personal equipment using the individual decontaminating kit as necessary. 8. Notify your supervisor of any CB hazard markers or indicators. 9. Continue the mission. Note. After assuming MOPP4 and performing all the tasks according to the unit SOP perform the following actions: 1. Use all means of CB detection to check your surrounding area for the presence of contamination. 2. Contact higher headquarters (HQ) if no contamination is found or if you determine the attack was non-CB. 3. Await further guidance. (Higher HQ contacts all adjacent/attached units to check the status of CB contamination in their areas. If all units report the absence of contamination, the information is reported up the chain of command.) 4. Annotate the above actions on your duty log (Department of the Army [DA] Form 1594). Evaluation Preparation: Setup: A good time to evaluate this task is during a field exercise when a variety of CB hazards can be simulated. Select a site with adequate cover, and ensure that soldiers are in MOPP1. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier there will be an encounter with simulated CB contamination and/or a CB alarm will be given. The task is to recognize the hazard and/or alarm and to take appropriate action to protect himself and warn other soldiers by giving the appropriate alarm. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Identified the CB hazard automatic masking criteria. —— —— 2. Protected himself from CB contamination using his assigned protective mask without fastening the hood.. —— —— 3. Gave the alarm. —— —— 4. Took cover to reduce exposure, using whatever means was readily available. —— —— 5. Decontaminated exposed skin using the individual decontaminating kit as necessary. —— —— 3-134 031-503-1019 Performance Measures GO NO GO 6. Assumed MOPP4. Covered all his skin. —— —— 7. Decontaminated personal equipment using the individual decontaminating kit as necessary. —— —— 8. Notified the supervisor of any CB hazard markers or indicators. —— —— 9. Continued the mission. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier fails any performance measure, show him what was done wrong how to do it correctly. References Required Related DA Form 1594 FM 3-5 FM 3-4 TM 3-4230-229-10 TM 3-4230-235-10 031-503-1035 Protect Yourself from Chemical/Biological Contamination Using Your Assigned Protective Mask Conditions: You are given your assigned protective mask with hood and carrier, a canteen with an M1 canteen cap, an M291 skin decontamination kit, an M295 decontamination kit, M8 detector paper, and applicable technical manuals (TMs). You find yourself in one of the following situations: 1. You hear or see a chemical or biological (CB) attack. 2. You realize, through other means, that you are under a CB attack. 3. You are ordered to mask. 4. You must enter a contaminated area. After having donned your protective mask, you need to drink from your canteen. Standards: Protect yourself from chemical or biological contamination using your assigned protective mask. Don, clear, and check your mask within 9 seconds. Drink water through your protective mask from your canteen without becoming a casualty. 031-503-1035 3-135 Performance Steps 1. Don the mask as quickly as possible. a. Stop breathing and close your eyes. b. Remove your helmet. (1) If you have the M17-, M24-, M25-, M40-, M43-, or M45-series protective mask, put your helmet between your legs (above your knees) or hold your rifle between your legs and place your helmet on the muzzle. If you drop your helmet, continue to mask. (2) If you have the M42-series protective mask, remove your helmet and place it in a convenient location. Avoid placing it on a contaminated surface if possible. WARNING Do not wear contact lenses with the protective mask. Remove contact lenses when the use of chemical agents is imminent. c. Take off your glasses if applicable. d. Open the mask carrier with one hand. e. Grasp the mask assembly with your other hand, and remove it from the carrier. f. Put your chin in the chin pocket, and press the facepiece snugly against your face. Note. The temple and forehead straps have already been adjusted during fitting. g. Grasp the tab and pull the head harness over your head. Ensure that your ears are between the temple straps and the cheek straps. Ensure that the head harness is pulled far enough over so the forehead straps are tight. h. Use one hand to tighten the cheek straps, one at a time, while holding the head pad centered on the back of your head with the other hand. Ensure that the straps lay flat against your head. 2. Clear the mask. a. Seal the outlet valve by pushing in on the center of the outlet valve cover with one hand. b. Blow out hard to ensure that any contaminated air is forced out around the edges of the facepiece. 3. Check the mask. a. Cover the inlet port of the filter canister (M40- and M45-series) or the inlet port of the armor quick disconnect (M42-series) with the palm of your hand, and breathe in. 3-136 031-503-1035 Performance Steps b. Ensure that the facepiece collapses against your face and remains so while you hold your breath (indicates that the mask is airtight). c. Remove any hair, clothing, or other matter between your face and the mask if the facepiece does not collapse to your face. d. Notify your nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) noncommissioned officer (NCO) in charge if it still does not collapse. 4. Complete steps 1 through 3 within 9 seconds. 5. Resume breathing. Note. There are no time standards for donning the hood. 6. Secure the mask hood. CAUTION Be careful when pulling on the hood, because it could snag on the buckles of the head harness and tear. a. If you have the M17-, M25-, M42-, or M43-series protective mask, pull the hood over your head and zip the front closed to cover all bare skin. b. If you have the M24- or M45-series protective mask, pull the M7 hood over your helmet and head so that it covers your shoulders. c. If you have the M40-series protective mask, don the hood so it lies smoothly on your head. (1) For masks equipped with the regular hood-- (a) Grasp the back edge of the hood skirt. (b) Pull the hood completely over your head so it covers the back of your head, neck, and shoulders. (c) Zip the front of the hood closed by pulling the zipper slider downward. (d) Tighten the drawcord. (e) Secure the underarm straps by fastening and adjusting them. 031-503-1035 3-137 Performance Steps (f) (CVC) helmet— Put on your helmet. If you have a combat vehicle crewman 1 Disconnect the boom microphone from the helmet. 2 Connect the mask microphone to the receptacle in the helmet. 3 Grasp the helmet next to the ear cups, with your hand spread as far as possible. 4 Place the helmet over your head, tilting the helmet forward slightly so the first contact when putting it on is with the forehead surface of the mask. 5 Rotate the helmet back and down over your head until it is seated in position. (g) Close your mask carrier. (h) Continue your mission. (2) For masks equipped with the quick-doff hood— (a) Place your hands inside the hood, and expand the elastic gathering around the neck of the hood. (b) Stretch and carefully pull the hood over your head so the hood covers your head, neck, and shoulders. (c) Fasten and adjust the underarm straps. (d) Put on the helmet. If you have the CVC helmet— 1 Disconnect the boom microphone from the helmet. 2 Connect the mask microphone to the receptacle in the helmet. 3 Grasp the helmet next to the ear cups, with your hand spread as far as possible. 4 Place the helmet over your head, tilting the helmet forward slightly so the first contact when putting it on is with the forehead surface of the mask. 5 Rotate the helmet back and down over your head until it is seated in position. (e) Close your mask carrier. (f) Continue your mission. 3-138 031-503-1035 Performance Steps WARNING Do not connect the quick-disconnect coupling half to your canteen until all surfaces are free of contamination. Chemical contamination could enter your mouth, resulting in you becoming a casualty. WARNING Do not break the mask seal while drinking from the canteen. 7. Drink water while wearing the mask. (Does not apply to M17- or M24- series masks.) a. Press in on the top of the outlet valve cover until the internal drink tube can be grasped between your teeth. b. Steady the mask assembly, and pull the quick-disconnect coupling out of the outlet valve cover. c. Flip open the cover on the M1 canteen cap. d. Push the quick-disconnect coupling into the canteen cap so that the pin enters the quick-disconnect coupling. WARNING If resistance is not felt, your drinking system is leaking. Do not drink. Replace your canteen. If resistance is still not felt, notify your NBC noncommissioned officer (NCO). e. Blow to create positive pressure. You should feel some resistance. Note. Do not tilt your head back while drinking. f. Raise the canteen upside down, and drink if the system does not leak. g. Stop drinking after several swallows, and lower the canteen. Blow into the internal drink tube to prevent the canteen from collapsing. Repeat the drinking procedure as required. h. Disconnect the drinking system according to the appropriate TM. 8. 9. Remove and store the mask according to the appropriate TM. Perform all steps in sequence without becoming a casualty. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: Evaluate this task during a field exercise or a tactical training session. Use a mask previously fitted to the soldier's face. The soldier will bring his flight or CVC helmet. The soldier should be in MOPP4. Do not use a new decontamination kit for every soldier; use the kit as long as possible. 031-503-1035 3-139 Ensure that the soldier has M8 detector paper in the mask carrier before testing. If the soldier has not made adequate progress towards drinking from the canteen after 2 minutes, stop him and give him a NO GO. This time standard is administrative. Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier to stand while wearing his mask carrier containing his assigned protective mask with hood attached. If applicable, tell him to remove his eyeglasses and/or contact lenses before starting the evaluation. Provide the soldier with one of the scenarios described in the conditions statement (cue to begin masking). Tell him to keep the mask on until you issue the all-clear order. Tell the soldier that all time standards are for administrative (noncombat) evaluation purposes only. Tell him to drink water while wearing his assigned mask. Tell him that there are no time standards for this task; but for testing purposes, he should be able to drink within 2 minutes. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Donned the mask as quickly as possible. —— —— 2. Cleared the mask. —— —— 3. Checked the mask. —— —— 4. Completed steps 1 through 3 within 9 seconds. —— —— 5. Resumed breathing. —— —— 6. Secured the mask hood. —— —— 7. Drank water while wearing the mask. —— —— 8. Removed and stored the mask. —— —— 9. Performed all steps in sequence without becoming a casualty. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measures are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier fails any performance measure, show what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related FM 3-3 FM 3-4 TM 3-4240-279-10 3-140 031-503-1035 References Required Related TM 3-4240-280-10 TM 3-4240-346-10 031-503-1036 Maintain Your Assigned Protective Mask Conditions: You have used your assigned protective mask or must conduct a scheduled mask inspection. You are given your assigned protective mask (with authorized accessories and components); a container of warm, soapy water; soap; a container of warm, clear water; cheese cloth or clean rags; a small cleaning brush; alcohol; optical lens cleaning compound (national stock number [NSN] 6850-00-592-3283); the applicable technical manual (TM); Department of the Army (DA) Form 2404; spare parts for the masks; and a set of replacement filters (M17-series mask) or a replacement canister. This task cannot be performed in mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) 4. Standards: Maintain your assigned protective mask. Perform preventive- maintenance checks and services (PMCS) on the mask according to the applicable TM. Clean and dry the mask. Do not damage the mask. Record uncorrected deficiencies and shortcomings on DA Form 2404, and report them to the supervisor. 031-503-1036 3-141 Performance Steps WARNING Do not attempt to remove the hose from the facepiece on the M42 protective mask . This may cause leakage of toxic agents into the facepiece. CAUTION Do not dunk the mask or the carrier in water. Wash the mask carefully so the canister and the microphone do not get wet. Keep water away from the inlet valve connections CAUTION Ensure that all components are entirely dry before reassembling the mask and storing it. Note. Each soldier, under the supervision of a qualified 54B (chemical operations specialist) or another trained person, must care for and maintain his protective mask. 1. Conduct operator PMCS on the protective mask, the carrier, the hood, and the accessories according to the applicable TM. a. Identify deficiencies and shortcomings. b. Correct operator deficiencies. c. Record all uncorrected deficiencies and shortcomings on DA Form 2404, and report them to the supervisor. 2. Clean and dry the mask, the hood, and the authorized accessories and components according to the applicable TM. 3. Replace defective components and parts according to the applicable TM. Replace damaged and outdated filter elements or canisters according to the applicable supply bulletin. 4. Store the mask, the hood, and the accessories in the carrier according to the applicable TM. 5. Perform steps 1 through 4 without damaging the mask. Evaluation Preparation: Setup: A good time to evaluate this task is during normal care and cleaning of the mask. Place the required equipment on a field table or another suitable surface. Simulate defects in the mask by removing components from the mask or using a defective mask not issued to the soldier. During training and evaluation sessions, use an old set of filters or canister several times to avoid expending new ones each time. If the soldier has not made adequate progress completing the task within 30 minutes, stop him and give him a NO GO. This time standard is administrative. 3-142 031-503-1036 Brief Soldier: Tell the soldier there is no time standard for this task on the job; but for testing purposes he must perform the task within 30 minutes. Tell him to perform operator PMCS on the mask, to clean and condition his assigned protective mask, and to replace the filters in the mask. Tell the soldier that completing a DA Form 2404 is not part of the task. Performance Measures GO NO GO 1. Conducted operator PMCS on the protective mask, the carrier, the hood, and the accessories according to —— —— the applicable TM. 2. Cleaned and dried the mask, the hood, and the authorized accessories and components according to the —— —— applicable TM. 3. Replaced defective components and parts according to the applicable TM. Replaced damaged and outdated filter elements or canisters according to the applicable —— —— supply bulletin. 4. Stored the mask, the hood, and the accessories in the carrier according to the applicable TM. —— —— 5. Performed steps 1 through 4 without damaging the mask. —— —— Evaluation Guidance: Score the soldier GO if all performance measure are passed. Score the soldier NO GO if any performance measure is failed. If the soldier fails any performance measure, show him what was done wrong and how to do it correctly. References Required Related DA Form 2404 TM 3-4240-279-10 TM 3-4240-280-10 031-503-1037 Detect Chemical Agents Using M8 or M9 Detector Paper Conditions: You are in a tactical environment or an area where there is a chemical threat and are in mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) 2. You are given a protective mask, a booklet of M8 detector paper, a dispenser of M9 detector paper, an M256A1 chemical agent detector kit, 031-503-1037 3-143 assigned decontaminating kits (M291or M295), and a complete set of MOPP gear or a chemical protective ensemble. Standards: Detect chemical agents using M8 or M9 detector paper. Attach the M9 detector paper in places likely to come into contact with liquid chemical agents. Detect all liquid chemical agents in the area without becoming a casualty. Identify all liquid chemical agents within the capability of the M8 detector paper. Performance Steps 1. Use the M9 detector paper. Note. M9 and M8 detector paper will not detect chemical agent vapors. a. Attach the M9 detector paper to your MOPP gear and equipment while wearing chemical protective gloves. (1) Place the M9 detector paper on the MOPP gear, on opposite sides of your body. (a) If you are right-handed, place a strip of M9 detector paper around your right upper arm, left wrist, and right ankle. Note. These are the places where a moving soldier will most likely brush against a surface (such as undergrowth) that is contaminated with a liquid chemical agent. (b) If you are left-handed, place a strip of M9 detector paper around your left upper arm, right wrist, and left ankle. Note. Do not attach M9 detector paper to hot, dirty, oily, or greasy surfaces because it may give a false positive reading. (2) Place M9 detector paper on the equipment where it will come in contact with contaminated objects and is visible to the operator. b. Monitor the M9 detector paper constantly for any color change. If you observe a color change—mask, give the alarm, decontaminate as necessary, and assume MOPP4. WARNING Some decontaminants give false positive results on the M8 detector paper. The M8 detector paper may indicate positive results if used in an area where decontaminants have been used. 2. Use M8 detector paper if you see a liquid that might be a chemical agent or if you observe a color change on the M9 detector paper. a. Prepare M8 detector paper. Tear out a sheet from the book (use one-half sheet if it is perforated). Note. You may want to put the paper on the end of a stick or another object then blot the paper on the suspected liquid agent. 3-144 031-503-1037 Performance Steps b. Blot (do not rub) the M8 detector paper on the suspected liquid agent without touching the liquid with your protective glove. c. Observe the M8 detector paper for a color change. Identify the contamination by comparing any color change on the M8 detector paper to the color chart on the inside front cover of the booklet: (1) A yellow-gold color indicates the presence of G (nerve) agent. (2) A red-pink color indicates the presence of H (blister) agent. (3) A dark green color indicates the presence of V (nerve) agent. (4) If any other color is present or if there is no color change, the liquid cannot be identified using M8 detector paper. d. Store the booklet of M8 detector paper. e. Remain in MOPP4 even if the liquid cannot be identified. Use other types of chemical agent detectors to verify test results. f. Notify your supervisor of the test results. Note. M8 detector paper reacts positive to petroleum products, ammonia, and decontaminating solution #2 (DS2). M9 detector paper reacts positive to petroleum products, insecticides, and antifreeze. Because M9 detector paper only detects but does not identify chemical agents, verify all readings with M8 detector paper. If you observe a color change on M8 or M9 detector paper, assume it is a liquid chemical agent. Confirm the presence of contamination by using all means of chemical agent detection available in your area of operation, including a visual check of your surroundings. If you determine that your reading is a false positive, perform the following actions before giving the all-clear signal: 1. Ensure that every attempt has been made to recheck the area. 2. Contact your higher headquarters (HQ) or the […اقتُطع العرض هنا — النص الكامل في ملف التنزيل]