الدوريات العسكرية داخل المدن

Urban Patrolling الدوريات العسكرية داخل المدن Agenda Orientation to the Battlefield Principles of Patrolling METT-TC Considerations Principles of MOUT جدول الأعمال الأرشاد الى أرض المعركة مبادئ العمل في الدوريات أعتبارات المهمة العسكرية,العدو,التضاريس,القطعات,الوقت, و السكان مبادئ العمليات العسكرية في المناطق المدنية Where Will We Fight? Urban Terrain gives attacker and defender many and varied avenues of approach and fields of fire. These include: Buildings Streets Subterranean Systems Air أين سنقاتل توفر المناطق المدنية للمهاجم طرق مختلفة للتقدم مع تنوع في مجال أطلاق النار. هذا يشمل : البنايات الشوارع شبكات ما تحت سطح الأرض ( ماء , مجاري ) الجو Buildings Provide cover and concealment Limit or increase observation/fields of fire Canalize, Restrict, or Block Movement Provide perches for: Snipers and AA Weapons. Anti-Armor Weapon. البنايات توفر التغطية و التمويه تحدد و تزيد كفائة مراقبة مجالات أطلاق النار تمكنك من السيطرة على حركة أي شي فيها و ذلك بتحديد طرق السير أو غلقها توفر مقاييس أرضية لكل من : القناصة و الأسلحة المضادة للدروع سلاح مقاومة الدروع. Streets Canalize movement Make obstacles more effective Modern streets offer rapid movement and withdrawal. الشوارع تجعل الحركة في ممرات محددة تجعل وضع الحواجز أكثر فاعلية الشوارع الحديثة تمكن من الحركة و الأنسحاب السريعين. Subterranean Systems Subways Sewers Cellars Utility Systems Tunnels Alternate Maneuver Lanes Good for ambushes, counter-attacks, and infiltration. شبكات ما تحت سطح الأرض طرق مترو الأنفاق شبكات المجاري الأقبية و المخازن تحت الأرض شبكات الماء و الكهرباء تحت الأرض الأنفاق تعتبر طرق بديلة للمناورات تعتبر من أفضل الأماكن لنصب الكمائن , والهجومات المعاكسة و التسلل. Air Very vulnerable ROE restrict usage May require Infantry to clear lanes for aircraft to maneuver الجو من المحتمل جداَ التعرض لهجوم من خلال الجو قوانين الأشتباك تحدد الأستخدام للمجال الجوي قد تحتاج أجواء بعض المدن الى أن يقوم المشاة بتطهير الطرق لتوفير المناورة اللازمة لسلاح الجو City Characteristics Construction and population density Street patterns Compartments Affluent and poor sections Modernization Presence of Utility Systems صفات المدينة كثافة الأبنية و السكان الشوارع المبلطة البيوت التباين بين مناطق الفقراء و الأثرياء الحداثة وجود شبكات الماء و الكهرباء The Urban Threat Spectrum Regular Armies Army factions or quasi military units Partisans Insurgents/Guerrillas Terrorists Criminals/Organized Crime Riots Gangs Demonstrations مصدر الخطر في المدن الجيوش التقليدية المجاميع العسكرية و الوحدات شبه العسكرية الأشخاص المؤيدين للعدو المخربين / و العصابات المسلحة الأرهابيين المجرمين / الجريمة المنظمة الهياج الشعبي العصابات المتنوعة المظاهرات Explosive Devices Vehicle Bombs Nail bombs Wall bombs “Walkaway” bombs Postal Bombs Grenades Landmines Firebombs Mailbox bombs Booby-traps المتفجرات القنابل المضادة للعجلات القنابل المسمارية القنابل الجدارية قنابل الفرار الرسائل الملغومة (بالبريد) القنابل اليدوية الألغام الأرضية القنابل الحارقة قنابل صندوق البريد مصائد المغفلين Small Arms Handguns Assault Rifles Sniper Rifles Sub-machine guns Machine guns الأسلحة الخفيفة الأسلحة النارية اليدوية البنادق الهجومية بنادق القناصة الأسلحة الآلية الثانوية الأسلحة الآلية Miscellaneous RPGs Mortars Chemical Attacks مجموعة منوّعة من الأسلحة أن سلاح( آر بي جي -7) هو عبارة عن قاذفة قنابل مضادة للدروع يمكن أعادة تعبئتها. أستعملت بشكل واسع النطاق كسلاح مضاد للدبابات وكسلاح أسناد متعدد الأغراض في كافة مجالات الحرب البرية خلال الأربعين سنة الماضية. سلاح آر بي جي-7 مدافع الهاون الهجمات الكيمياوية Urban Patrolling Some Task Examples: Vehicle Check Points Cordon and Search Observation Post/Surveillance Presence Patrol Urban Area Recon Seize and or Clear a Building or Built up Area Principles of Patrolling Reconnaissance Security Control Common Sense METT-TC Considerations (1 of 5) Mission. Know correct Task Organization to accomplish the mission. Enemy. Disposition. Analyze the arrayal of enemy forces in and around your objective. Composition and Strength. Analyze the enemy’s force and in addition try to determine the amount of support the enemy can expect from the local civilian populace. METT-TC Considerations (2 of 5) - Morale. Is the enemy well supplied, have they had recent success against friendly forces, taken many casualties, current weather. - Capabilities. Determine what the enemy can employ against your forces. - Probable Courses of Action. How is the enemy going to fight in his area of operations METT-TC Considerations (3 of 5) Terrain Utilize OCOKA when analyzing terrain, in and around the AO Observations and Fields of Fire: Always be prepared to conduct urban operations under limited visibility. Cover and Concealment: Identify routes which afford assault forces with best cover and concealment. METT-TC Considerations (4 of 5) Obstacles: Plan for the reduction or bypass of obstacles enroute to and within the objective. Key Terrain: Analyze which buildings, intersections, bridges, LZ/PZ, airports and elevated areas that provide a tactical advantage to you or the enemy. Avenues of Approach: Consider roads, intersections, inland waterways and subterranean constructions METT-TC Considerations (5 of 5) Troops: Consider the type and size of the objective to plan effective use of troops available Time: Ops in urban environment have a slower pace and tempo. Leaders must consider the amount of time required to secure, clear, or seize the urban objective and stress and fatigue soldiers will encounter. Civilians: Know the ROE cold. All soldiers must have the discipline to identify the enemy from civilian noncombatants and ensure civilians understand and follow all directed commands. Principles of MOUT Surprise Security Simplicity Speed Violence of Action SURPRISE Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner in which he is unprepared SECURITY -Never permit the enemy to acquire an unexpected advantage -Maintain during all phases of the operation -Four Dimensional Battlefield (height, depth, width and subterranean) -Always maintain 360° security. Must include elevated and subterranean areas/BUBBLE Simplicity Prepare clear uncomplicated plans, and provide subordinates with concise orders to ensure thorough understanding. Always keep plans simple. Ensure everyone understands the mission and the commanders intent. Plan and prepare for the worst. Speed Rate of military action. Act as security Move in a careful hurry. SLOW IS SMOOTH, SMOOTH IS FAST Never move faster than you can accurately engage targets Exercise tactical patience Summary Urban Threats and battlefield conditions METT-TC Considerations Principles of MOUT Principles of Patrolling Violence of Action • Eliminate the enemy with sudden, explosive force. • Combined with speed gives surprise Prevents enemy reaction Both physical and mental Questions? Conclusion • Urban Patrolling can be an extremely intricate and difficult operation. • Only through the mastering and application of the Principles of Patrolling, METT-TC and the Principles of MOUT can a high intensity conflict urban operation be successful. Urbanization is gradually changing the face of the battlefield. Traditional avenues of approach are being blocked and narrowed by manmade features. Urban areas are growing along lines of communications and expanding across the adjacent terrain. This trend is resulting in the concentration of built-up areas and road networks along natural corridors bounded by forests, slopes, marshes, and bodies of water. Urbanized terrain normally offers numerous avenues of approach for mounted maneuver well forward of and leading to urban areas. In the proximity of its built-up areas, however, such routes generally become convergent and restrictive. Bypass may be blocked by urban sprawl and the nature of adjacent natural terrain. Avenues of approach within built-up areas are determined by street patterns, building arrangements, open areas, and underground systems. Mounted forces are restricted to streets, alleys, and open areas between buildings. Dismounted forces maximize available cover by moving through buildings and underground systems, along edges of streets, and over roofs. No environment other than jungles or woods provides the degree of concealment found on the urbanized battlefield. The limited depth the battalion and company commanders can see is further reduced. On natural terrain adjacent to built-up areas, observation seldom extends beyond the 1200m range. On the approaches to and within built-up areas, observation may be limited to one block, or one building, or one room. Reconnaissance elements, frequently operating on foot and using infiltration techniques, are more important than ever. Not only do they find the enemy, but they also provide valuable reaction time and maneuver space. Masking effects of the terrain and concealment offered by built-up areas make it easier for the enemy to hide his command and control elements, as well as combat support and combat service support units. The effectiveness of ground surveillance, infrared, --and visual/optical target-acquisition devices is reduced. Aerial photos may provide great detail and display every abnormality or alteration to the terrain. They are blind, however, to what is located within individual buildings. Increased emphasis must be placed on electromagnetic devices and the use of long-range air and ground reconnaissance. Although the advantage of knowing the terrain lies initially with the defender, this advantage can be reduced through aggressive reconnaissance at each level of command. The same factors which provide concealment to the enemy also enable ground reconnaissance to be extended. Knowledge of how the enemy normally defends on urbanized terrain and the effects that the terrain has on his weapons and mobility guide the commander's efforts to see the battlefield. Missions for Army Aviation in support of built-up area offensive operations include: Air assault operations to secure key terrain adjacent to the built-up area and to secure key objectives within the built-up area when the area is lightly defended or when enemy fires have been suppressed. Employment of aerial weapons at long ranges to support maneuver units within or adjacent to the area. Combat service support, command and control, communications, and intelligence operations. Missions for Army Aviation during defensive operations of a built-up area include: Employment of anti-armor aerial weapons at long ranges on approaches to the city or within the built-up area using terrain flight/pop-up techniques. Rapid insertion or relocation of personnel (e.g., anti-armor teams and reserves). Rapid concentration of forces and fires to meet unexpected enemy maneuver or movement of forces to rearward positions. Combat service support, command and control, communications, and intelligence operations. During MOUT, tactical air support can provide the ground commander with selective and discriminating fire support. Cluster bomb units, rockets, cannons, laser guided bombs, and electro-optically guided missiles are particularly suited for engaging hard targets. The employment of tactical air support is dependent upon the following considerations: The rubble and debris resulting from air attacks may increase the defender's cover while creating significant obstacles to movement of attacking forces. The proximity of opposing forces will often require the use of precision-guided munitions and/or the temporary retirement of the forces in contact when supported by tactical air. The use of air weapons may be restricted by the presence of civilians or requirements to preserve key facilities within the built-up areas. Limited ground observation will normally dictate that airborne FACs control strike aircraft in built-up areas if enemy air defense will allow. The effects of weather will always be a factor. During offensive operations, offensive air support (OAS) is employed: To support the isolation of the built-up area by interdicting entry and exit routes. To support attacking units by reducing enemy strongpoints with precision-guided munitions. To conduct tactical air reconnaissance and provide detailed intelligence of enemy dispositions, equipment, and strengths. During defensive operations OAS is employed: To strike attack positions/formations and other concentrations of enemy forces outside the built-up area. To destroy attacking formations as they approach the built-up area. To provide precision-guided munitions support of counterattacks against fallen strongpoints. For all Offense, Defense, or Stability and Support Operations (3) Morale. Analyze the enemy's current operational status based on friendly intelligence estimates. Example: Is the enemy well supplied, have they had recent success against friendly forces, taken many casualties, current weather? (4) Capabilities. Determine what the enemy can employ against your forces. Example: Enemy's weapons, artillery assets, engineer assets, air defense assets, NBC threats, thermal/NVG capabilities, close air support, armor threat, etc. Additionally, I would identify what their capabilities are if these capabilities are employed against them. (5) Probable Course(s)-of Action. Based on friendly intelligence estimates, determine how the enemy will fight within his area of operation (in and around your area of operations). Mobility. Movement of infantry, although difficult, is not considered to be a significant disadvantage. Infantry can move along streets, through holes in walls, and over roofs. Extensive underground sewers and utility tunnels are frequently found in these areas and are normally large enough to permit transit by individual soldiers. Movement of trucks, APCs, SP artillery, and tanks is considerably restricted by narrow, twisting streets. After rubbling, the streets will require extensive clearing to permit vehicular movement. Fields of Fire/Obervation. This is the most restrictive area for fields of fire and observation. Weapon ranges and observation distances seldom extend more than 100 meters along streets that average 7 meters in width. These narrow streets limit tank turret traverse and do not allow for minimum ATGM ranges. Deployment of heavy direct-fire weapons may also be limited by buildings and narrow streets. These short fields of fire and observation distances necessitate assigning small defensive sectors to defending units, thus requiring large numbers of troops to establish a position defense. The principal weapons employed in this area are small arms, grenades, LAWs, Claymores, and mortars. Cover/Concealment. Buildings provide numerous concealed positions for infantry. Armored vehicles can find isolated positions under archways or inside small industrial or commercial structures. Thick masonry, stone, or brick walls offer excellent protection from direct fires. Overhead protection from indirect fires and plunging small arms fire is poor. Most roofs are constructed of wood or tile materials and most ceilings and floors are wood or plaster--offering little protection. Adequate overhead protection is normally found in the basements of most of these buildings. Underground systems provide excellent protection and frequently allow movement between battle positions and sections within the built-up area. Obstacles. Narrow streets with buildings constructed directly off the street edge facilitate construction of all types of obstacles. Even a few overturned cars or trucks in a narrow street can create an effective obstacle to armor or other vehicular passage. Demolition of structures will also provide rubble for instant obstacles I would say “ There are many manmade and natural obstacles on the periphery, as well as within the urban environment. Leaders should conduct a detailed reconnaissance of routes and objectives (this must include subterranean complexes), taking into consideration route adjustments and special equipment needs. (d) Key Terrain: Analyze which buildings, intersections, bridges, LZ/PZ, airports, and elevated areas that provide a tactical advantage to you or the enemy. Additionally, the leader must identify critical infrastructure within his area of operations, which would provide the enemy with a tactical advantage on the battlefield. These may include, but are not limited to, communication centers, medical facilities, governmental facilities, and facilities that are of psychological significance. (e) Avenues of Approach: Consider roads, intersections, inland waterways, and subterranean constructions (subways, sewers, and basements). Leaders should classify areas as go, slow go, or no-go based on the navigability of the approach. NOTE: Military maps may not provide enough detail for urban terrain analysis or reflect the underground sewer systems, subways, water systems, or mass transit routes. The standards for the treatment of civilians by US forces are established by laws and regulations. These rules are summarized below: Provide medical care to sick or wounded civilians, within immediate capabilities. Do not use coercion in questioning or interrogating civilians. Treat all captives (military/civilian) humanely. In all circumstances, civilians are entitled to respect for their persons, their honor, their family rights, their religious convictions and practices, and their manners and customs. They shall at all times be humanely treated and shall be protected against all acts of violence or threats. Cultural and humanitarian property should not be attacked or destroyed. This category includes: Churches. Art, science, or public service buildings. Historical monuments. Hospitals. Schools and orphanages. These places are considered protected property so long as they are not used by the enemy for military purposes at the time of friendly tactical operations. When applying firepower in a built-up area, only military targets may be attacked. Mass bombardments (air/artillery) are tactically counter-productive (reduces mobility and provides better cover). They also alienate the population whose support in achieving tactical and strategic objectives is required. Built-up areas present many opportunities for looting. Soldiers must understand that the taking of "souvenirs" is looting or stealing. As men acquire loot, they discard needed equipment which results in an overall loss of combat efficiency. No matter how well-trained or well disciplined a unit may be, troops will loot unless precautions are taken in advance and violators are promptly and appropriately punished. Looting detracts from the soldier's alertness, increases his vulnerability and that of his unit, and reduces his initiative and efficiency. Such actions may delay the progress of the attack and alienate the population Refugees attempting to escape over roads may seriously impede or block movement over routes required by the military. Combat service support units will frequently find lines of communication clogged with vehicles and pedestrians. The presence of civilians will often restrict the application of fires. Selected areas may be designated as no-fire areas to prevent civilian casualties. Other areas can be limited to small arms and grenades, with prohibitions on air strikes, artillery, and mortars. Target acquisition and the direction of fire missions will be complicated by the requirement to determine the identity of personnel targets. Flame weapons must be judiciously employed or prohibited in areas that may contain civilians. The presence of local civilians and mass movements of refugees influence the location and type of obstacles that may be employed. Minefields are coordinated with designated refugee routes or guarded until the passage of refugee- is complete. Boobytraps and flame obstacles are not emplaced until the evacuation of civilians is complete. Buildings occupied by civilians or facilities that provide essential life services (e.g., hospitals) are not mined or destroyed. Increased security and special security considerations are required to preclude: Civilians from being used as cover by enemy forces or as agents. Pilferage of supplies and theft ofdweapons or vehicles. Sabotage. Civilians from passing through or lodging in defensive areas. Frequently, US forces will be totally committed to fighting and therefore unable to provide such support or will have limited refugee control capabilities. If the host government is incapable of performing this mission, US forces (combat/combat service support) may be required to conduct any or all of the following refugee control measures (TC 19-7): Enforcing standfast orders or prohibiting other unauthorized movements. Searching and taking custody of enemy agents or other hostile personnel discovered among refugees. Screening refugees for suspicious activities, such as detection of infiltration by guerrillas, enemy agents, and escaping members of the hostile armed forces. Performing traffic control on designated refugee routes. Escorting refugee columns when so directed. Directing or diverting refugee columns tosecondary roads and through areas not utilized by military elements. Performing police duties, such as traffic control or security, at refugee assembly areas, collecting points, and centers or camps, when directed. Enforcing prescribed restrictive measures, such as curfews, identification and pass systems, restricted areas, restraining lines, no-passage lines, checkpoints and roadblocks, travel permits or manifests, licensing or registration of vehicles or prohibitions on the use of vehicles, priorities of movement, and limits on personal belongings. Due to the very nature of a CQC encounter, engagements will be very close (within 10 meters) and very fast (targets exposed for only a few seconds). Most close quarter's engagements are *won by who hits first and puts the enemy down. It is more important to knock a combatant down as soon as possible, than it is to kill him. In order to win a close quarters engagement, Soldiers must make quick, accurate shots by mere reflex. This is accomplished by reflexive fire training. Remember, no matter how proficient you are, always fire until the enemy goes down. All reflexive fire training is conducted with both eyes open. Note: Research has determined, that on average, only three individuals out of ten actually fire their weapons when confronted by an enemy during room clearing operations. Close quarters combat success for the soldier begins with the soldier being psychologically prepared for the close quarter’s battle. The foundation for this preparedness begins with the soldier’s proficiency in basic rifle marksmanship. Survival in the urban environment does not depend on advanced skills and technologies. Soldiers must be proficient in the basics Strike the enemy at a time, place, or in a manner for which he is unprepared. Key to success: gives the assaulting element the advantage (d). (I would say that the mission is never complete as long as you remain in the urban environment. The status of actors in the urban environment does not afford the sense of security offered by “open terrain”. The key to survivability is a constant state of situational awareness.